Liquid filled

Let us consider one more physical phenomenon, which can influence upon PT sensitivity and efficiency. There is a process of liquid s penetration inside a capillary, physical nature of that is not obvious up to present time. Let us consider one-side-closed conical capillary immersed in a liquid. If a liquid wets capillary wall, it flows towards cannel s top due to capillary pressure pc. This process is very fast and capillary imbibition stage is going on until the liquid fills the channel up to the depth l , which corresponds the equality pcm = (Pc + Pa), where pa - atmospheric pressure and pcm - the pressure of compressed air blocked in the channel. 

One more experimental result, which is important for PT is as follows. Only polar liquids fill conical capillaries from both sides. We used various penetrants to fill conical defects Pion , LZh-6A , LZhT , LUM-9 etc. It was established that only the penetrants containing polar liquid as the basic liquid component (various alcohols, water and others) manifest two-side filling phenomenon. This result gives one more confirmation of the physical mechanism of the phenomenon, based on liquid film flow, because the disjoining pressure strongly depends just on the polarity of a liquid. 

For extraction, the mixing usually takes place either in a vessel which also serves as the settler (these can be baffled or unbaffled), or a separate mixing compartment (usually baffled if there is a gas-hquid interface, and usually unbaffled if it is liquid filled). 

The crevice must be filled with water. Surfaces adjacent to the crevice must also contact water. Without liquid filling the crevice, corrosion cannot occur. The crevice typically is a few thousandths of an inch wide. Corrosion may extend up to several feet into a crevice mouth in high conductivity waters. 

Dusts from solid Design operation to minimize/eliminate dusts or filling, vapors vapors from liquid filling., proper personal protective equipment Ensure proper design of local ventilation ACGIH 1986 CCPS G-3 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-23 CCPS G-29... 

Pressure Zero shift, air leaks in signal lines. Variable energy consumption under temperature control. Unpredictable transmitter output. Permanent zero shift. Excessive vibration from positive displacement equipment. Change in atmospheric pressure. Wet instrument air. Overpressure. Use independent transmitter mtg., flexible process connection lines. Use liquid filled gauge. Use absolute pressure transmitter. Mount local dryer. Use regulator with sump, slope air line away from transmitter. Install pressure snubber for spikes. 

Transient Analysis (dynamic simulation) is recommended where there is a wide difference in design pressure between the two exchanger sides, especially where the low-pressure side is liquid-filled (section 3.18.3). 

API RP-521 reeommends transient analysis for exchangers with wide difference in design pressure (such as cases where the two-thirds rule was not applied) because the pressure in the low pressure side of the exehanger ean spike to a level that exceeds the pressure predicted by a steady state analysis when it is liquid-filled. This pressure spike is due to pressure buildup before the liquid is accelerated out of the low pressure side and/or before the relief device opens fully. API RP-521 recommends that the basis for the tube rupture be a sharp... 

Pf = density of liquid filling the solid particle pores... 

Piping - Sections of piping in any liquid service, whether onsite or offsite, which can be blocked in while liquid filled and subjected to liquid thermal expansion from subsequent heating, must be protected by either. 

Set Pressure - The set pressure (the pressure at whieh the PR valve is designed to open) is speeified in accordance with Code requirements. In most vessel apphcations, the set pressure of at least one PR valve is equal to the design pressure. However, this set pressure is adjusted (up or down) for any effect of static pressure and friction pressure drop that may apply when the valve is installed elsewhere than directly on the vessel. For example, if a PR valve is installed in a non-flowing line above a liquid-filled vessel, the PR valve set pressure would be reduced sufficiently to allow for the liquid static head between the vessel and the valve. 

Many producing facilities are located offshore or in other environmentally sensitive areas. In these areas, the use of dry (versus liquid-filled) transformers will eliminate the necessity of providing curbing and other containment systems to prevent pollution. Dry transformers are normally preferred for most production facility applications. Liquid-filled transformers should be considered, however, for high voltage and large units (particularly over several hundred kVA). 

J. J. Magda, M. Tirell, H. T. Davis. Molecular dynamics of narrow, liquid-filled pores. J Chem Phys 55 1888-1901, 1985. 

W. M. Deen. Hindered transport of large molecules in liquid filled pores. AIChE J SSAAm, 1987. 

Sizing Valve for Liquid Expansion (Hydraulic Expansion of Liquid Filled Systems/Equipmenl/Piping)... 

The API Code RP-520 [33a] suggests the following to determine the liquid expansion rate to protect liquid-filled (full) systems or locations where liquid could be trapped in parts of a system or an area could be subject to blockage by process or operational accident. When thermal input from any source can/could cause thermal expansion of the enclosed liquid ... 

Fauske, H. K, et al, Emergency Relief Vent Sizing for Fire Emergencies Invoking Liquid-Filled Atmospheric Storage Vessels, Plant/Operations Progress, 5 (4), 205-208, October 1986. 

Epstein, M., Fauske, H. K. and Hauser, G. M., The Onset of Two-Phase Venting Via Entr ainment in Liquid-Filled Storage Vessels Exposed to Fire, Journal Loss Prevention Process Industries, 2 (1), 45-49, January 1989. 

Sharp KV, Adrian RJ (2004) Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in liquid filled microtubes. Exp Fluids 36 741-747... 

A large fraction of the hazardous waste generated in industry is in the form of dilute aqueous solutions. The special challenges of separation in highly dilute solutions may be met by the development of new, possibly liquid-filled, membranes by processes involving selective concentration of toxic chemicals on the surfaces of particles or by the use of reversed micelles. 

The effectiveness factor accounts for the diffusional resistances in the liquid-filled catalyst pores. It does not account for the mass transfer resistance between the liquid and gas phases. This is the job of the ki and kg terms. 

Deen, WM, Hindered Transport of Large Molecules in Liquid-Filled Pores, AIChE Journal 33, 1409, 1987. 

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