Experimental Program

Plagioclase grains were washed with distilled water and then leached in hydrochloric acid in an ultrasonic bath. Silica tubes were prewashed with hydrochloric acid and rinsed with distilled water. The acid-washed and dried plagioclase, weighing about 120 mg, was placed in a fused silica tube that was closed at one end. This insert was then placed in a larger silica tube in which about 50 mg of samarskite was placed at the bottom. After evacuation to a pressure of 50 Pa, the outer tube was fused at the top end. The apparatus was placed in a vertical furnace, and heated for 24-26 h at 750 °C. In addition, the apparatus was heated with/without samarskite for 48 h at 1050 °C for comparison. The annealing temperature was monitored by two Pt-Rh thermocouples. After annealing, the apparatus was removed from die furnace and quenched in a water bath. 

Shock-recovery experiments were performed using a propellant gun ( = 30 mm) at the National Institute for Materials Science. The projectile was a 4-mm-thick stainless-steel plate embedded in the front of a high-density polyethylene sabot. The annealed plagioclase with samarskite was encapsulated in a cylindrical container made of SUS304 stainless steel. In addition and for reference, starting plagioclase was also shock-loaded. It is well known that the peak pressure depends on the initial porosity of material [15]. The samples were 

Several plagioclase grains from annealed samples as well as shock-loaded run products were embedded in epoxy resin and polished. Observation was performed with an optical microscope using reflected and transmitted light. Major and minor element compositions were determined by an electron probe micro-analyzer. Shock textures were also examined in detail with a scanning electron microscope using back-scattered electron images. 

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Pilot-plant design specifications should be estabUshed only after careful consideration of the experimental program because decisions on the accuracy of instmments, analyzers, and other equipment should be based on the requirements of the experiments planned for the unit. FlexibiUty and versatihty ate important but costly when provided unnecessarily or too profusely they can result in a unit that is difficult or impossible to operate successfully... 

The advantages of selective removal of fines from a batch crystallizer have been demonstrated (66,67). These experimental programs showed narrowiag of crystal size distributions and suggest significant reductions ia the fraction of a product that would consist of fines or undersize material. 

An important part of planning an experimental program is the identification of the variables that affect the response and deciding what to do about them. The decision as to how to deal with each of the candidate variables can be made jointiy by the experimenter and the statistician. However, identifying the variables is the experimenter s responsibiUty. Controllable or independent variables in a statistical experiment can be dealt with in four different ways. The assignment of a particular variable to a category often involves a trade-off among information, cost, and time. 

Bressani, M., Bobig, P. and Secco, M., A support experimental program for the qualification of safely-related medium-voltage induction motors for nuclear power generating stations. Presented at the International Conference on the Evolution and Modem Aspects of Induction Machines Torino, July (1986). 

Despite their popularity, these methods normally have an inherent limitation—the fluid dynamics information they generate is usually described in global parametric form. Such information conceals local turbulence and mixing behavior that can significantly affect vessel performance. And because the parameters of these models are necessarily obtained and fine-tuned from a given set of experimental data, the validity of the models tends to extend over only the range studied in that experimental program. 

Accidental vapor cloud explosions do not occur under controlled conditions. Various experimental programs have been carried out simulating real accidents. Quantities of fuel were spilled, dispersed by natural mechanisms, and ignited. Full-scale experiments on flame propagation in fuel-air clouds are extremely laborious and expensive, so only a few such experiments have been conducted. 

Experimental programs partly devoted to the study of deflagration speeds in unconfined environments free of obstacles, after dispersion of a vapor cloud by natural mechanisms included... 

On the basis of an extended experimental program described in Section 4.1.3, Harris and Wickens (1989) concluded that overpressure effects produced by vapor cloud explosions are largely determined by the combustion which develops only in the congested/obstructed areas in the cloud. For natural gas, these conclusions were used to develop an improved TNT-equivalency method for the prediction of vapor cloud explosion blast. This approach is no longer based on the entire mass of flammable material released, but on the mass of material that can be contained in stoichiometric proportions in any severely congested region of the cloud. 

The major objective of the experimental program was to obtain data that could be used to assess the accuracy of existing models for vapor cloud dispersion. The combustion experiments were designed to complement this objective by providing answers to the question, What would happen if such a cloud ignited ... 

Zeeuwen et al. (1983) observed the atmospheric dispersion and combustion of large spills of propane (1000-4000 kg) in open and level terrain on the Musselbanks, located on the south bank of the Westerscheldt estuary in The Netherlands. Thermal radiation effects were not measured because the main objective of this experimental program was to investigate blast effects from vapor cloud explosions. 

Acknowledgment is sincerely made to Catalyst Consulting Services, Inc. of Louisville, Ky., in particular to Harold W. Fleming, for unusual services of the highest quality while directing the bench-scale experimental program which provides the technical basis and support for the RMProcess. 

One goal of our experimental program with the bench-scale unit was to develop the necessary correlations for use in the ultimate design of large commercial plants. Because of the complexity inherent in the three-phase gas-liquid-solid reaction systems, many models can be postulated. In order to provide a background for the final selection of the reaction model, we shall first review briefly the three-phase system. 

Our initial experimental results indicated that the kinetic model— first order in liquid phase CO concentration—was the leading candidate. We designed an experimental program specifically for this reaction model. The integrated rate expression (see Appendix for nomenclature) can be written as ... 

This analysis may then provide a guideline for an experimental program and considerably reduce its scope and save a great deal of time and effort. 

It follows that, in order to provide a reliable and balanced investigation, it is preferable to combine the theoretical calculations with an experimental program and, hopefully, they will correlate. Fortunately, laboratory CVD experiments are relatively easy to design and carry out they do not require expensive equipment and results can usually be obtained quickly and reliably. 

Before any CVD program is undertaken, it is essential to evaluate all the potential reactions and select the most appropriate. This is done by a thermodynamic analysis as described in Ch. 2 and, if necessary, by an experimental program. 

On its own, f.a.b.-m.s. cannot solve the complete structure of a carbohydrate, and it should always be incorporated into experimental programs... 

There are many parameters influencing the size-related performance of a reactor where feed mixing is important concentrations of reactants, feed flow rate, feed pipe velocity, geometry and size of both reactor and stirrer, and stirrer rotational speed. The following remarks should be kept in mind when composing an experimental program for engineering studies ... 

The palladium-tin catalysts were prepared by Engelhard on a commercial wood based carbon powder with a BET snrface area of approximately 800 m /g and a median particle size (D50) of 19 microns. The preferred carbon was chosen mainly for having good filtration properties. Catalysts with essentially equivalent activities for selectivity and conversion could also be made on two other similar carbons. The preparation process is proprietary but is based on the well-known adsorption-deposition technique (8). Reduction during the preparation process was accomplished via an Engelhard proprietary method. A series of catalysts containing from 1 to 7.5 wt% palladium and from 0 to 1 wt% tin were prepared by the same technique and provided for the experimental program. 

The first tea plantings in Papua, New Guinea were carried out in 1962 and a thriving industry now exists. Australia has a small experimental program started in 1960. 

As an example, an experimental program interested in investigating the effect of three parameters would only need to complete eight experiments to estimate the eight coefficients in Eqn (2). However, to complete the same analysis for seven factors, 128 experiments are necessary. The number of model parameters for seven variables can be broken down according to the different variable interactions, as done in Table 11.1. 

Collins et al. (1971) carried out an experimental program to investigate parallel-channel instability in a full-scale simulated nuclear reactor channel op-... 

Four variables were studied in the part of the experimental program which examined the first step of the proposed two-step process. The variables were reaction temperature (413-454 C), solvent to coal ratio (2 1 and 3 1), residence time (0-5 minutes), and pressure (300-1800 psi nitrogen). Four experiments were done to simulate the second step, in which hydrogenated solvent and molecular hydrogen would be used to lower the sulfur content of the product. These experiments were done at 441 C for 2 minutes, with and without molecular hydrogen and recycle solvent containing 25 weight percent Tetralin. 

It should be evident that the calculations and the necessary experimental program are simplified if one or more of the contributions is negligible under appropriate conditions. In a relatively simple system in which either kHA or kA- is zero, the existence of general acid or general base catalysis may be deduced from the pH dependence of the reaction. 

For the reactions in question no term may be neglected and it was necessary to carefully plan the experimental program to facilitate evaluation of all five kinetic parameters. On the basis of the data below determine these parameters when the weak acid employed is acetic acid. 

In view of the fact that our results are reasonably sensitive to the estimate of the bed porosity used in the analysis, these results are not bad. If one had employed a value of 0.3 or 0.5 rather than 0.4 for sB, jD would change significantly and this would have a major influence on the calculated concentration (or mole fraction) differences. Unfortunately, bed porosity data were not noted in the article cited. In an experimental program being conducted as an aspect of a reactor design, this parameter could easily be determined. 

Robb HWJ and O Hanlon JF (1993). Marijuana s effect on actual driving Summary of a 3-year experimental program. In HD Utzelmann, G Berghaus and G Kroj (eds), Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (No. T92, pp. 603-611). Verlag TUV, Cologne. 

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