Facility electrical systems

Although transformers suitable for other industrial installations are generally suitable for producing applications, certain options may be desirable— primarily due to environmental considerations. At locations subject to harsh environmental conditions, and particularly at locations subject to washdown with high-pressure hoses, non-ventilated enclosures are desirable, if not necessary. Likewise, at locations subjected to salt water and salt-laden air, it often is desirable to specify copper windings and lead wires. Most manufacturers provide standard units with aluminum windings and lead wires. Even if aluminum coils are used, it is almost always desirable to require stranded copper lead wires. This will lessen corrosion and loose terminal problems when transformers arc interconnected to the facility electrical system with copper conductors. If the transformers are to be installed outdoors in corrosive environments, cases should be of corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel) or be provided with an exterior coating suitable for the location. 

Facility electrical systems and components provide a convenient source of ignition within a hydrocarbon or ordinary occupancies whenever the design, installation or maintenance is substandard. Electrical systems or components may short, overheat, operate incorrectly, etc. These failures will present themselves as available ignition sources for hydrocarbon vapor releases. All electrical installation should be according to recognized electrical industry standards such as API RP 540 and the NEC (NFPA 70). 

Facility electrical system -Absorbent material for spill clean up in SCBs, SGB, or ventilation hoods Electrical insulation of motors in process equipment etc. -Product tranqwrtation packaging over pack -Organic solvents are not used in evoi moderate quantities m tire HCF for isotope production or quality analysis. -Water based cleaner used for decontaminating product transportation packaging. 

In the ease of an offshore facility, electrical power is generally ge ated on site by engine- or turbine-driven generator sets using natural or diesel as fuel. Most installations are designed to handle the total e tri. 1 even if one generator is out of service. To minimize the siz st quipment, some facilities have a system to automatically f... 

The electrical distribution system design and equipment selection must consider requirements of the utility company for protection and metering. Available short circuit currents from the utility distribution network to the primary of the facility s main transfoiTner must be considered in selecting circuit protection devices for the facility distribution system. 

To avoid damage to equipment and harm to personnel, electrical components of the facility power system must be selected to withstand available short circuit currents and to isolate facility circuits quickly. 

RP 14F Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Electrical Systems for Offshore Production Platforms RP. 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified As Class I, Division 1 and Division 2. 

Forced convective Far convectors These units give a high heat output for volume of space occupied by the unit, together with the ability to distribute the heat over a considerable area using directional grilles. May be used to bring in heated fresh air for room ventilation. Rapid response to conhol by individual thermostat. By use of variable speed motors rapid warm-up available in intermittent systems Altered fresh air inlet facility. Electric supply required to each individual unit. 2 to 25 kW. 

Unit heaters A unit with a large propeller or cenhifugal fan to give high air volume and wide throws. Louvers direct the air flow in the direction required. May be ceiling mounted, discharging vertically or horizontally or floor mounted. Can be used with fresh air Rapid response to conhol by individual thermostat by use of multi-speed motors rapid warm-up available on intermittent systems Altered fresh air inlet facility. Electric supply required for each individual unit. 3 to 300 kW. 

Bishop, D. N., Electrical Systems for Oil and Gas Production Facilities. Second Edition, Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1992. 

Switchgear Facility Electrical Fire NFPA 850 1. CO2 System 2. Preaction Sprinkler 1. NFPA 12 2. NFPA 13... 

A typical system that is commercially available in the United States is the 200 kilowatt (kW) PAFC unit produced by UTC Fuel Cells. This is the type of unit used to provide electricity and heat to the U.S. Postal Service s Anchorage Mail Handling Facility. In 2000, the Chugach Electric Association installed a 1 Megawatt (MW) fuel cell system at the U.S. Postal Service s Anchorage Mail Handling Facility. The system consists of five natural gas powered 200-kW PC25 fuel cells developed by UTC Fuel Cells. 

IEEE 602 Recommended Practice for Electric Systems in Health Care Facilities... 

Light flicker due to arc furnaces requires extra mention. Arc furnaces, commonly found in many industrial towns, typically use scrap metal as the starting point. An arc is struck in the metal by applying voltage to the batch from a specially constructed furnace transformer. The heat due to the arc melts the scrap metal, which is drawn out from the furnace to produce raw material for a variety of industrial facilities. Arc furnaces impose large electrical power requirements on the electrical system. 

In an electrical system, if the power factor is 0.80, 80% of the apparent power is converted into useful work. Apparent power is what the transformer that serves a home or business has to carry in order for that home or business to function. Active power is the portion of the apparent power that performs useful work and supplies losses in the electrical equipment that are associated with doing the work. Higher power factor leads to more optimum use of electrical current in a facility. Can a power factor reach 100% In theory it can, but in practice it cannot without some form of power factor correction device. The reason why it can approach 100% power factor but not quite reach it is because all electrical circuits have inductance and capacitance, which introduce reactive power requirements. The reactive power is that... 

In addition to the normal temperature control provided by refrigeration and heating systems, separate temperature alarms should be considered. Both low and high temperature limit switches can be connected into the facility alarm system providing a more reliable means of monitoring area temperature. Finally, emergency generators should be considered where electrical power is critical for temperature control and the primary source is not reliable. 

Contracts with reliable and responsive service companies for maintaining facility support equipment (i.e., HVAC systems, electrical systems) are vital for efficient laboratory operations. Many modern systems are computer driven and so complex that only a specialist can repair them. When laboratory integrity is threatened, e.g., by flooding from a burst pipe or power failure, only fast response by a maintenance service company can protect against expensive losses and prolonged down time. 

At one facility electrical substation, parts that were no longer supplied by the vendor had to be replaced. Through the use of the engineering change proposal (ECP) system employed at the plant, equivalent replacement parts were obtained through a local vendor. This is another example of the types of proactive steps being taken by plant management to address potential obsolescence issues. 

Electric System - The physically connected generation, transmission, and distribution facilities and components operated as a unit. 

Although modularity has many benefits, perfect modularity is difficult to achieve, particularly when changes are made to facility-wide systems, such as utilities. For example, a pump driver may be changed from a steam turbine to an electric motor. Apparently the only modules that are changed are those that concern the normal operation, start-up, and shutdown of that pump. Yet, placing a new turbine on the steam header may lead to steam availability problems that have system-wide effects and that affect many other equipment items. Hence the modules for all the other affected equipment items may require updating. 

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