Solvents ethyl oleate

The search for solvents led to the discovery that sodium borohydride is an excellent reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones. The search for catalysts to enhance the reducing power of sodium borohydride led to an anomalous result in the reduction of ethyl oleate. Investigation of this anomalous result led to the discovery of hydroboration. 

Certain small-volume injections are available where the dmg is dissolved in a viscous oil because it is insoluble in water non-aqueous solvent must be used, hi addition, drags in non-aqueous solvents provide a depot effect, for example for hormonal compounds. The intramuscular route of injection must be used. The vehicle may be a metabolizable fixed oil such as arachis or sesame oil (but not a mineral oil) or an ester such as ethyl oleate which is also metabolizable. The latter is less viscous and therefore easier to administer but the depot effect is of shorter duration. The dmg is normally dissolved in the oil, filtered under pressure and distributed into ampoules. After sealing, the ampoules are sterilized by dry heat, for example, at 160°C for 2 hours. A bactericide is probably ineffective in such a medium and therefore offers very httle protection against contamination in a multidose oily injection. 

In order to increase the sustainability of chemical processes, environmentally friendly solvents such as supercritical fluids (SCFs) are widely investigated. Han and coworkers studied the ethenolysis of ethyl oleate in SC C02 in relation with the phase behavior of the reaction mixture [62]. They carried out the ethenolysis reaction at 35°C in the absence of C02 and in the presence of C02 at three different pressures (50, 82, and 120 bar). The reaction in the absence of C02 reached equilibrium in 1 h at 80% conversion. The reaction rate in the presence of 50 bar of C02 was higher than without C02 and, at 82 bar, again increased with respect to 50 bar. However, when the pressure was increased to 120 bar, the reaction rate decreased. This effect was explained according to the variations on the phase behavior with the pressure an increase in the C02 pressure carried an increase of solubility of reactants, products, and C02, which produced a decrease of the viscosity of the reaction mixture. This positive effect was enhanced at 82 bar and was accompanied by an increase of selective solubility of the products in the vapor phase that further increased both reaction rate and conversion. The decrease of efficiency at 120 bar was related to an increase of the solubility of the reactants in the C02 phase. 

Ethyl oleate is primarily used as a vehicle in certain parenteral preparations intended for intramuscular administration. It has also been used as a solvent for drugs formulated as biodegradable capsules for subdermal implantation and in the preparation of microemulsions containing cyclosporin. ... 

Ethyl oleate is a suitable solvent for steroids and other lipophilic drugs. Its properties are similar to those of almond oil and peanut oil. However, it has the advantage that it is less viscous than fixed oils and is more rapidly absorbed by body tissues. ... 

Moisture content at 20°C and 52% relative humidity, the equilibrium moisture content of ethyl oleate is 0.08%. Solubility miscible with chloroform, ethanol (95%), ether, fixed oils, liquid paraffin, and most other organic solvents practically insoluble in water. 

As with conventional emulsions the nature of the oil can affect the behaviour of the system. For pharmaceutical uses, oils used include the refined hydrocarbon oils such as light liquid paraffin and esters of long-chain fatty acids including vegetable oils, for example, ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate, olive oil and sesame oil. Frankenfeld et al (SO used mixtures of Solvent 100 Neutral (an isoparaffinic, dewaxed oil of high viscosity) and Norpar 13 (a non-viscous, normal paraffinic solvent) to vary the viscosity of the oil phase in attempts to control the transfer of solutes across the oil membrane. 

Fats and oils (triglycerides) from plants and animals are renewable sources of chemicals, but the amounts of the chemicals made from them are small compared with those made from petroleum and natural gas. This may change if biodiesel fuel (e.g., ethyl oleate) made by the alcoholysis of oils becomes common. Such esters may be useful as environmentally friendly solvents.50 Unsaturated oils, such as linseed oil, are the basis of oil-based paints, which cure by cross-linking through oxidation by air. Soaps are the potassium or sodium salts of the long-chain fatty acids obtained by the hydrolysis of the triglycerides. The dibasic dimer fatty acids obtained by the dimerization of oleic and linoleic acids (both Cig acids) are made into oligomeric fatty amides which are used to cure epoxy resins. The un-... 

Diborane reacts with alkenes to form alkylboranes in ether solvents. This important finding apparently resulted from an observation by Brown that reduction of ethyl oleate, in ether solvents and in the presence of a Lewis acid, consumed 2.4—2.5 hydrides per mole and 3 equivalents when a larger excess of the reagent was used.3 Brown discovered that borane had added to the it bond of the alkene moiety generating a monoalkyl-... 

Ethyl oleate n. C2H5OOCC17H33. This monounsaturated fatty ester is a solvent, lubricant, and plasticizer. 

Figure 3. Yield of 9-octadecene vs. reaction time in the metathesis of ethyl oleate with 1 (ethyl oleate/1 molar ratio = 500, T = 25 C, solvent chlorobenzene (5 mL)).

Cellulose. Cellulose has been much favored after silica gel G as a layer for phenolic separations. A wide range of alkylphenols has been studied on cellulose impregnated with ethyl oleate by reversed-phase methods with aqueous ethanol as solvent (66). Halogenated phenols have also been comprehensively examined (67). Cellulose impregnated with formamide, -methylformamide, and N,N-dimethylformamide has been used with hexane as solvent for the separation of alkylphenols, partially hindered and hindered phenols (68). Two-dimensional thin-layer separations of 40 phenols with detection by UV and with a 4-nitroaniline reagent have been described (69). 

Butanol, which at one time was an unwanted by-product in the preparation of acetone, is now the most important product of the fermentation. The building of a large new factory in Puerto Rico using 10,000 tons of molasses per annum for its production is an indication of this importance. Butanol is probably still the best solvent for cellulose nitrate lacquers. Dibutyl phthalate is certainly the most widely used plasticizer for synthetic resins, and butyl oleate, tributyl citrate and dibutyl tartrate have also been described as plasticizers. Another important use of butanol is as a source of butadiene, which serves as an intermediate in the conversion of sucrose into a synthetic rubber. Although in recent years other methods have been described for the preparation of butanol (for example, from ethyl alcohol and from acetylene), yet the fermentation of carbohydrates is still the cheapest process. 

A nonpolar solubilizate such as hexane penetrates deeply into such a micelle, and is held in the nonpolar interior hydrocarbon environment, while a solubilizate such as an alcohol, which has both polar and nonpolar ends, usually penetrates less, with its polar end at or near the polar surface of the micelle. The vapor pressure of hexane in aqueous solution is diminished by the presence of sodium oleate m a manner analogous to that cited above for systems in nonpolar solvents. A 5% aqueous solution of potassium oleate dissolves more than twice the volume of propylene at a given pressure than does pure water. Dnnethylaminoazobenzene, a water-insoluble dye, is solubilized to the extent of 125 mg per liter by a 0.05 M aqueous solution of potassium myristate. Bile salts solubilize fatty acids, and this fact is considered important physiologically. Cetyl pyridinium chloride, a cationic salt, is also a solubilizing agent, and 100 ml of its A/10 solution solubilizes about 1 g of methyl ethyl-butyl either m aqueous solution. 

Marqueyrol and Florentin point out that the lower members of the series of esters, the acetates, butyrates, valerates, etc., are good solvents for nitrocellulose—ethyl and amyl acetate have long been used for the purpose—but the higher members, the stearates and oleates, gelatinize nitrocellulose but very little. To the esters of the dibasic acids the opposite rule appears to apply the higher members are better than the lower. Acetone is a well-known solvent both for soluble and for insoluble nitrocellulose, but acetophenone gelatinizes even soluble nitrocellulose only feebly. 

Solvent ether. See Ethyl ether Solvent naphtha. See VM P naphtha Stoddard solvent SOPP. See Sodium o-phenylphenate Sorbide dioleate. SeeSorbilandioleate Sorbimacrogol laurate 300. See Polysorbate 20 Sorbimacrogol oleate 300. See Polysorbate 80 Sorbimacrogol palmitate 300. See Polysorbate 40 Sorbimacrogol stearate 300. See Polysorbate 60 Sorbimacrogol trioleate 300. See Polysorbate 85 Sorbimacrogol tristearate 300. See Polysorbate 65 Sorbit. See Sorbitol... 

Butyl oleate n. CH3(CH2)7CH=CH (CH2)7C00C4H9. a solvent, plasticizer and lubricant, used mainly with neoprene and other synthetic rubbers, chlorinated rubber, and ethyl cellulose also a mold lubricant See image). 

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