Light liquid paraffin

Oilatum light liquid paraffin, white soft paraffin... 

Effect of hexadecane as additive In a series of papers Hallworth and Carless (7,8,9,TO) have investigated the effect of the nature oT the internal phase on the stability of oil in water emulsions as well as the effect of addition of long chain fatty alcohols with sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium hexadecyl sulphate as the ionic emulsifier. They found that light petroleum and chlorobenzene emulsions prepared only with sodium hexadecyl sulphate were much less stable than those produced using the longer chain paraffins, white spirit and light liquid paraffins. 

Hallworth and Carless (1 ) discuss several possibilities for the effect of light liquid paraffin on the stability of emulsions with light petroleum or chlorobenzene as the main components. They seem to prefer an explanation previously advanced by them and several other authors for the effect of fatty alcohol, namely that the increased stability is due to the formation of an interfacial complex between the additive and sodium hexadecyl sulphate. The condenced mixed film will resist coalescence primarily by virtue of its rheological properties. With mixed films of the present type, the importance of the film viscoelasticity lies in its ability to maintain electrical repulsion between approaching droplets by preventing lateral displacement of the adsorbed ions. The effective paraffinic oil has chains at least as long as those of the alkyl sulphate and will be associated by van der Waals forces with the hydrocarbon chain of the alkyl sulphate at the interface. 

BP Light liquid paraffin JP Light liquid paraffin PhEur Paraffinum perliquidum USPNF Light mineral oil... 

As with conventional emulsions the nature of the oil can affect the behaviour of the system. For pharmaceutical uses, oils used include the refined hydrocarbon oils such as light liquid paraffin and esters of long-chain fatty acids including vegetable oils, for example, ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate, olive oil and sesame oil. Frankenfeld et al (SO used mixtures of Solvent 100 Neutral (an isoparaffinic, dewaxed oil of high viscosity) and Norpar 13 (a non-viscous, normal paraffinic solvent) to vary the viscosity of the oil phase in attempts to control the transfer of solutes across the oil membrane. 

Mineral oil (liquid paraffin) and light mineral oil (light liquid paraffin) are widely used components of topical formulations such as emulsions, creams. 

A hydrocarbon and lubricating oil manufacturing company, located in the center of Calcutta city was emitting noxious fumes into the atmosphere causing burning of eyes, conjunctivitis and eczema-like illnesses among the local residents. The company produced light liquid paraffin, white oil and sodium sulfonate [9]. 

Paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons with short (Cis) carbon chains. In pharmacy preparation the solid (Hard paraffin), liquid (Liquid paraffin and Light liquid paraffin) and soft type (White soft paraffin and Yellow soft paraffin) are used. They have a role in cutaneous preparations (see Sects. 12.7.9, 12.7.12, and 12.7.13) and eye ointments (see Sect. 10.7.3). 

The liquid paraffin waxes are distinguished by viscosity. Liquid paraffin has a viscosity between 110 and 230 mPa.s, Light liquid paraffin between 25 and 80 mPa.s. In small-scale preparation liquid paraffin is mainly used. 

Crosslinked microspheres of polyacrylamide grafted guar gum (pAAm-g-GG) by water-in-oil (w/o) emulsification method were developed. A 5.0% (w/v) polymer solution was prepared and acidified with 5 ml dilute sulfuric acid. In order to crosslink the polymer, glutaraldehyde solution 25% (w/v) was added to the polymer solution separately. These solutions were then emulsified into light liquid paraffin with 2% (w/v) Tween 80. The hardened microspheres were filtered and washed repeatedly with hexane and water to remove liquid paraffin, xmreacted glutaraldehyde and any adhered Tween 80. The crosslinked pAAm-g-GG microspheres were loaded with NFD before... 

When the required concentration of free undissociated preservative in the aqueous phase is known from the biological activity concentration profile, the total preservative concentration in the emulsified system can be obtained using Equation 8.72. Table 8.8 shows calculated and observed values of [Df ] for methyl p-hydroxy benzoate in an emulsion of 30 g light mineral oil (light liquid paraffin) in water (100 ml containing four non-ionic surfactants) with a total weight of 5.6 g. 

Determination of Acryionitriie in Light Liquid-Paraffin Extractant... 

Separation of Acrylonitrile from Light Liquid-Paraffin and n-Heptane Extractants... 

Acrylonitrile content of the synthetic light liquid paraffin sample solution for extraction with water Weight of Ught liquid paraffin sample extracted with 2 x250 ml of water Weight of acrylonitrile present in light liquid paraffin test solution Weight of acrylonitrile recovered in fractions of azeotropic distillation, pg Mean recovery of acrylonitrile in first two fractions obtained by azeotropic distillation... 

Figure 3.8 Electron micrograph of a W/OAV emulsion with light liquid paraffin in the oil phase. Bar = 1 xm. Reprinted from Davis and Burbage (1977) with permission from...

Geraniol [106-24-1] M 154.3, b 230 , d 0.879, n 1.4766. Purified by ascending chromatography or by thin layer chromatography on plates of kieselguhr G with acetone/water/liquid paraffin (130 70 1) as solvent system. Hexane/ethyl acetate (1 4) is also suitable. Also purified by GLC on a silicone-treated column of Carbowax 20M (10%) on Chromosorb W (60-80 mesh). [Porter Pure Appl Chem 20 499 7969.] Stored in full, tightly sealed containers in the cool, protected from light. 

The result was that light blue fluorescent zones were visible under long-wavelength U V light (2 = 365 nm). Before fluorimetric analysis the chromatogram was dipped for 1 s into liquid paraffin — n-hexane (1 + 2) to enhance (by a factor of 2 to 8) and stabilize the intensity of the fluorescence and then dried for 1 min in a stream of cold air. The quantitation (2e,c = 365 nm An > 430 nm) was carried out after 1 h since it was only then that the fluorescence intensity had stabilized. 

In situ quantitation The chromatogram was immersed twice for ca. 1 s with brief intermediate drying in a mixture of chloroform — liquid paraffin and triethanolamine (60 -H 10 + 10) to stabilize the fluorescence (for ca. 24 h) and increase its intensity (by a factor of ca. 3). The analysis was made in UV light... 

It is not recommended that the chromatogram then be treated with liquid paraffin - n-hexane (1+4) since the intensity of the pale light blue fluorescent background is also increased, so that the difference in emission of the chromatogram zones is reduced. 

Note In the case of aryl- and heteroarylpropionic acids the chromatograms are irradiated with unfiltered UV light for 30 min before application of the reagent [5], The chromatograms can then be immersed in a solution of liquid paraffin - -hexane (1-1-2) in order to stabilize and enhance the fluorescence [5]. 

Detection and result The chromatogram was dried in a stream of cold air and then intensively irradiated with UV light (A = 365 nm) for 2 min and then immersed in the reagent solution for 1 s. It was Anally heated to 120°C for 10 min and after cooling dipped into liquid paraffin — n-hexane (1 2) to intensify and stabilize... 

PCAs are produced by chlorination of CJ0-C30 n-alkanes using molecular chlorine, either of the liquid paraffin or in a solvent, typically carbon tetrachloride [5,10]. For specialized and more limited applications, PCAs have also been produced by addition chlorination of a-olefins [11]. Depending upon the n-alkane feedstock, the reaction takes place at temperatures between 50 and 150°C, at elevated pressures and/or in the presence of UV light [1,4]. After chlorination the product is stripped of solvent, residual chlorine, and reaction products (e. g., HC1) by gas sparging. Final products are mixtures that are viscous, colorless or yellowish dense oils, except for C20-C30 PCAs of high chlorine content (70%) which are solids [5]. 

GC-MC data show that the light liquid fractions of plastic / biomass co -hydropyrolysis contain mainly normal paraffins CrCij. Their content was 75% for pine wood / i-PP mixtures. Alkyl derivatives of benzene were also detected in the light liquid fractions. The content of unidentified substances was 15%, alkylbenzenes and alkytfriranes compounds - approximately 10% relative. 

The variety of substances used as additives in polymers is considerable. For example, the fillers may include china clay, various forms of calcium carbonate, talc, silicas (diatomaceous silica), silicates, carbon black, etc. The impact modifiers typically include other polymers. Plasticizers include certain polymers with low (oligomers), dialkyl phthalates, dialkyl sebacates, chlorinated paraffin waxes, liquid paraffinic fractions, oil extracts, etc. Heat stabilizers include heavy metals salts such as basic lead carbonate, basic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite (also acting as a light stabilizer), dibasic lead phthalate, stearates, ricinoleates, palmitates and octanoates of cadmium and barium, epoxide resins and oils, amines, diphenylurea, 2-phenylindole, aminocrotonates. The antioxidants include tris-nonyl phenyl phosphite, 2,6-di-ferf-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), octadecyl-3,5-di-terf-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, etc. The UV stabilizers include modified benzophenones and benzotriazoles. Processing lubricants include calcium stearate, stearic acid, lead stearate, various wax derivatives, glyceryl esters and long-chain acids. Fire retardants include antimony oxide, some pyrophosphates, etc. 

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