Comprehensive Examination

As part of his elegant and comprehensive examination ot the competition between [2+2] and [2+4] reactions of fluorinated ethylenes, Bartlett found that trifluoroethylene s [2+4] reaction with butadiene competed somewhat with its [2+2] cycloaddirion [66] (equation 62). 

More comprehensive examination of speetroseopie and magnetic properties of d ions followed which provided an explanation for the different types of Lifsehitz salts (p. 1160) and led to studies of systems exhibiting anomalous properties. Rational explanations of these properties were eventually forthcoming. 

The most comprehensive examination of the Rokita kinetic procedure from a synthetic standpoint was carried out by Barrero and coworkers.6 They examined the effects of various leaving groups, solvents, nucleophiles, and their equivalents on subsequent [4 + 2] cycloadditions. Avast excess of the intended nucleophile (50-100 equiv) must be employed, because the fluoride triggered (3-elimination proves nearly instantaneous at room temperature resulting in a high concentration of a species that is prone to undergo dimerization and other undesired side reactions that are irreversible at these low temperatures (Fig. 4.7). Use of fewer equivalents of the intended nucleophile led to a rapid drop off in yield. For example, 5-10 equivalents of ethoxy vinyl ether (EVE) affords only a 5-10% yield of the desired benzopyran... 

The literary influence of alchemy and hermeticism in the work of most medieval and early modem authors has been overlooked. Stanton Linden now provides the first comprehensive examination of this influence on English literature from the late Middle... 

Groeneveld, D. C., and C. W. Snoek, 1986, A Comprehensive Examination of Heat Transfer Correlations Suitable for Reactor Safety Analysis, in Multiphase Science Technology 2, G. F. Hewett, J. M. Delhaye, and N. Zuber, Eds., Hemisphere, Washington, DC. (5)... 

The mechanistic photochemistry of cross-conjugated 2,5-cyclohexadienones has been comprehensively examined (Scheme 21). The photochemical isomerization of the... 

Ytterbium triflate [Yb(OTf)3] combined with TMSG1 or TMSOTf are excellent reagents for the conversion of a-methyl styrene and tosyl-imines into homoallylic amides 32 (Equation (19)) (TMS = trimethylsilyl).29 These conditions produce the first examples of intermolecular imino-ene reactions with less reactive imines. Typically, glyoxalate imines are necessary. A comprehensive examination of the lanthanoid metal triflates was done and the activity was shown to directly correlate with the oxophilicity scale. The first report used preformed imines, and subsequently it was found that a three-component coupling reaction could be effected, bypassing the isolation of the intermediate imine.30 Particularly noteworthy was the successful participation of aliphatic aldehydes to yield homoallylic amines. 

Reading (Secondary)—Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Reading comprehension— Examinations, questions, etc. 3. Readers (Secondary) I. Title Five hundred one critical reading questions. II. Title Five hundred and one critical reading questions. 

In accordance with these experimental results, Wang et al. employed density functional theory calculations to comprehensively examine the possible reduction pathways for EC molecules in super-molecular structures Li+—(EC) [n = 1—5) and found that, thermodynamically, both one- and two-electron reductive processes are possible.A complete array of the possible reduction products from EC was listed in their paper considering the various competitive pathways, and they concluded that both (CH2OCO2-Li)2 and (CH2CH20C02Li)2 are the leading species in SEI, while minority species such as lithium alkox-ide, lithium carbide, and the inorganic Li2C03 coexist. 

This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the current knowledge of drinking water and food contamination by PFCs and their bioaccumulation in humans, with special attention given to the fundamental role chemical analysis played in the evaluation of these compounds sources, levels, exposure and risk assessment. 

It is tempting to speculate that the next comprehensive examination of hemopexin-mediated heme transport will have exciting new sections devoted to the molecular properties of MHBP and the hemopexin receptor, to the mechanism of heme release from hemopexin, to new intracellular heme transport partners, and to the links provided by the hemopexin system among heme, iron, and copper at the cellular level. 

This section highlights a few rules regarding the conventional formatting of numbers and units in chemistry writing, for example, 15%, 15 mb, three samples (not 15 %, 15mL, 3 samples). (See chapter 3 for more examples refer to The ACS Style Guide for a comprehensive examination of numbers and units.)... 

Thanks to the extensive literature on Aujj and the related smaller gold cluster compounds, plus some new results and reanalysis of older results to be presented here, it is now possible to paint a fairly consistent physical picture of the AU55 cluster system. To this end, the results of several microscopic techniques, such as Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) [39,40,41], Mossbauer Effect Spectroscopy (MES) [24, 25, 42,43,44,45,46], Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) [35, 36], Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) [47,48,49], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [29, 50, 51], and electron spin resonance (ESR) [17, 52, 53, 54] will be combined with the results of several macroscopic techniques, such as Specific Heat (Cv) [25, 54, 55, 56,49], Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) [57], Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) [58], UV-visible absorption spectroscopy [40, 57,17, 59, 60], AC and DC Electrical Conductivity [29,61,62, 63,30] and Magnetic Susceptibility [64, 53]. This is the first metal cluster system that has been subjected to such a comprehensive examination. 

Much of the foundational work concerning organocobalt species can be found elsewhere. A comprehensive examination of the Kterature up to 1994 appears in a pair of reference series [4, 5], with the former covering research up to 1982 and the latter covering work between 1982 and 1994. Each series contains a chapter on... 

The physical chemistry examination sets have included three subject area examinations in thermodynamics, dynamics, and quantum mechanics. These examinations would be most useful at institutions on the quarter system where they could be used as final examinations in the respective courses. The final examination in the set is a comprehensive examination covering all three areas of physical chemistry. This comprehensive examination is designed to be used at the conclusion of the year-long course in physical chemistry. In practice however, its most common use is probably as an entrance examination for graduate students. This use raises the question of what material should be on the comprehensive examination because of the nature of its use. Is the... 

Following selection and approval of the committee members by the Examinations Institute director, the committee begins work on the lengthy process of writing the examination. Typically, the physical chemistry committee meets at the site of each ACS national meeting until work on the examination is completed. Some of the other examination committees may meet at the Biennial Conference on Chemical Education or the ChemEd conference. At the first committee meeting, the committee will typically discuss and make decisions on several items. The first of these items is which examinations will result at the end of the process. Previous committees have opted to write only a comprehensive examination, or a suite of examinations in thermodynamics, dynamics, and quantum mechanics. A second question is how many questions are needed for each examination, and if the multiple choice format is used, how many responses will be used for each question. For example, the committee writing the 2000 set of examinations chose 40 questions with four responses, while the committee for the 2006 set chose 50 questions with four responses. This decision becomes important because it defines the number of questions that need to be written. 

Figure I presents data on the number of questions on the physical chemistry comprehensive examination associated with the three subject areas shown as a function of the year of examination publication. Clearly, the relative number of items on thermodynamics, dynamics, and quantum mechanics has changed with time. In order to divide the examination into these three categories, we include statistical mechanics items with thermodynamics, although never more than a few statistical mechanics items have appeared on any individual examination. In addition, we included items related to transport of species within the dynamics portion. This plot gives evidence that the examination content does...

K. Bock and C. and H, Pedersen extend the article in Vol. 41 by the first two authors, on the 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy of monosaccharides, to a compilation of such data for oligosaccharides that should prove of great value as a source of reference. K. Antonakis (Villejuif, France) presents a discussion of ketonucleosides, compounds of interest in synthesis and in biological roles they have not hitherto been comprehensively examined in this Series. 

Considerable activity has been concerned with polymeric attachment of the 8-hydroxyquinoline heterocycle because of its excellent metal complexing ability. A comprehensive examination of attachment of the group to a variety of polymers has revealed that the overall capacity for a variety transition metals depends not only on the 8-hydroxyquinoline content but also on rather ill-defined factors introduced by the polymer modified (73MI11105). 

Comprehensive treatment of the evaporation constant X is given by Spalding 109), and a comprehensive examination of Nusselt numbers for droplets is presented by Ranz and Marshall 102). The first work in the field is that of Froessling 29), after whom the appropriate equations are named. According to the combined treatments of Spalding and of Ranz and Marshall, when diffusion is controlling at relatively low vaporization rates... 

Blesser, 1978] Blesser, B. A. (1978). Digitization of Audio A Comprehensive Examination of Theory, Implementation and Current Practice. J. Audio Eng. Society, 26(10) 739-771. 

In a recent survey [19] it was noted that a realistic model for catalytic oxidation reactions must include equations describing the evolution of at least two concentrations of surface substances and account for the slow variation in the properties of the catalyst surface (e.g. oxidation-reduction). For the synchronization of the dynamic behaviour for various surface domains, it is necessary to take into consideration changes in the concentrations of gas-phase substances and the temperature of the catalyst surface. It is evident that, in the hierarchy of modelling levels, such models must be constructed and tested immediately after kinetic models. On the one hand, the appearance of such models is associated with the experimental data on self-oscillations in reactors with noticeable concentration variations of the initial substances and products (e.g. ref. 74) on the other hand, there was a gap between the comprehensively examined non-isothermal models with simple kinetics and those for the complex heterogeneous catalytic reactions... 

---