Solubilizing agent

Addition of poly(styrene-block-butadiene) block copolymer to the polystyrene-polybutadiene-styrene ternary system first showed a characteristic decrease in interfacial tension followed by a leveling off. The leveling off is indicative of saturation of the interface by the solubilizing agent. 

Drug solubility can be increased by the use of solubilizing agents, such as those listed in Table 2, and by nonaqueous solvents or mixed solvent systems, to be... 

C. J. Hawker, K. L. Wooley, and J. M. J. Frechet, Unimolecular micelles and globular amphiphiles Dendritic macromolecules as novel recyclable solubilization agents, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 12 (1993) 1287-1297. 

Unfortunately, the relatively low solubility of /8-cyclodextrin has precluded its widespread use as a solubilizing agent. To enhance the solubility of /8-cyclodextrin, much work has been carried out on possible derivatizations of the /8-cyclodextrin skeleton. 2-Hydroxypropyl-/3-cyclodextrin has been found to exhibit the desired enhanced solubility, while still retaining the optimal binding characteristics of underivatized /8-cyclodextrin. In addition, this derivative is relatively nontoxic and may even be used in parenteral applications [63],... 

Anionic surfactants (SDS and deoxycholate) are more effective solubilizing agents at higher concentration than nonionic surfactants (Lubrol, Triton)... 

Ikeda A, Hayashi K, Konishi T, Kikuchi J (2004) Solubilization and debundling of purified single-walled carbon nanotubes using solubilizing agents in an aqueous solution by high-speed vibration milling technique. Chem. Commun. 1334-1335. 

Little is known on the metabolic fate of l-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (5.60), an industrial solvent also useful as a solubilizing agent and a penetration enhancer in topical formulations. A preliminary investigation of the disposition and metabolism of labeled l-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in the rat showed that the compound is excreted mainly in urine [171]. Three urinary metabolites were detected, the major of which (ca. 15% of the dose) was 4-(methylami-no)but-2-enoic acid (5.61). This unsaturated product may likely have been formed by H20 elimination from a hydroxylated metabolite. 

Capillary Temperature Protein conformation and solubility are affected by the temperature of the solution. As described above, focused proteins may tend to precipitate during the CIEF process as they become highly concentrated at their pi with low concentration of salt ions. The temperature of the capillary can be manipulated to increase their solubility, but it should not be too high as protein denaturahon may occur. Higher temperature is used mainly in combination with other solubilizing agents, and temperature may be used to increase the solubility of additives such as urea rather than the solubility of the proteins. 

Carboni L, Piubelli C, Righetti PG, Jansson B, Domenici E. 2002. Proteomic analysis of rat brain tissue comparison of protocols for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis based on different solubilizing agents. Electrophoresis 23 ... 

In this equation, the value of (Red) is a function of the nature of the reductant, its solubility, the crystallinity of solid phases containing it, effects of solubilizing agents, transport limitations, and other factors. Likewise the value of (Ox) is a function of various factors. As discussed in the previous chapter, most redox reactions are very slow and the prevailing conditions are therefore sensitive to catalysis. Three types of catalysis are involved ... 

Abiontic, involving free extracellular enzymes or solubilizing agents, enzymes bound to soil surfaces, enzymes within dead or non-proliferating cells, or enzymes associated with dead cell fragments. Extracellular enzymes are important in the initial stages of organic matter oxidation, in which polysaccharides and proteins are hydrolysed to soluble compounds that can be absorbed by microbial cells and further oxidized in biotic processes. 

---