Selective solubility

Starch can be split into amylose and amylopectin by a commercial process based on selective solubilities. Amylose is used for making edible films, and amylopectin for textile sizing and finishing, and as a thickener in foods. 

These problems may be overcome by using block copolymers. The polymer blocks are chosen to be selectively soluble in the aqueous and oil phase, respectively (see Copolymers). 

Petroleum products may be treated with various solvents for the removal by selective solubility of undesirable constituents or for the recovery of by-products. The solvent and solute must be separated to yield the desired product and to recover the solvent for reuse. The solvents normally boil at a lower temperature than the products from which they are to be removed and so are generally distilled off as overhead products. The pipe stills used for this service may be single-stage or multi-stage units, depending on the service involved. Some solvents can be removed by the use of steam heated stills. In other cases, the high temperature required necessitates the use of fired heaters and vacuum towers. 

Two phases appear within the first 15 min due to the heavy ionic content of the aqueous layer. Di-tert-butyl iminodicarboxylate, which is produced as a result of the hydrolysis, is selectively soluble in the THF layer, while the amino carboxylate salt of the product remains in solution in the aqueous layer. 

Although the feasibility of the proteomics or bioinformatics approach has been demonstrated, considerable room remains for improved methods for selective solublization of protein biomarkers and for rapid cleavage to produce peptides. There is also demand for advanced instrumentation to collect, process, and analyze microorganisms. 

Pozzi has also reported a fluoro-functionalised tetraazacyclotetradecane macrocycle, which is selectively soluble in fluorocarbons and active in the fluorous biphasic oxidation of hydrocarbons. [59] This ligand (Figure 6.17) was produced whilst... 

Helium + water. Battino selected solubility data from nine papers for the 273-348 K region (1). We have added values calculated from the data of Potter and Clynne ( ) and from Wiebe and Gaddy (7). The solubility value which was calculated from the data of Wiebe and Gaddy at 590 K, was not used in the linear regression. The data and curve are shown in Figure 2. Only one curve is shown. Battino s recommended equation for the solubility data below 348 K and the equation for the entire data set differ by only a fraction of a percent. The curve for the four constant equation is not shown. 

Hemingway, B. S., Seal, R. R. Ming Chou, I. 2002. Thermodynamic Data for Modeling Acid Mine Drainage Problems Compilation and Estimation of data for Selected Soluble Iron-Sulfate Minerals. United States Geological Survey Open File Report 02-161. 

Key words PGVL Hub, combinatorial chemistry, library design, reaction, synthesis protocol, reactant, product, enumeration, filtering, Chkl, kinase, inhibitor, SAR, ADME T (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity), selectivity, solubility, protein-ligand complex. 

Such processes require a high selectivity for the substances to be removed, in order to maintain the flavour, appearance, smell, and shape of the treated feed material which represents the main product. Because CO2 has selective solubility properties, which can be altered to some extent, its use may often be feasible. By-products, such as caffeine can - if recovered - improve the economics. 

Recently, the carboxylation of epoxides was carried out in ionic liquids (ILs) that demonstrate interesting characteristics such as thermal and chemical stability, selective solubility towards organic and inorganic materials, and a high reusability of the catalysts. Taken together, these parameters make ILs useful for this type of application [151-156]. 

Compare and contrast the properties of the following classes of host molecule. Include in your answer information on selectivity, solubility and binding kinetics (a) naturally occurring ionophores (b) podands (c) corands (e) lariat ethers (f) cryptands (g) calixarenes and (h) spherands. You may find it helpful to present the information in the form of a comparative table. 

Solubility product is the special name given to this constant and it uses Ksp as the symbol. Since the left of the equation is the undissociated solid substance and the various ions are on the right, the value of the constant is only the product of the products. Some selected solubility products are shown below ... 

In order to increase the sustainability of chemical processes, environmentally friendly solvents such as supercritical fluids (SCFs) are widely investigated. Han and coworkers studied the ethenolysis of ethyl oleate in SC C02 in relation with the phase behavior of the reaction mixture [62]. They carried out the ethenolysis reaction at 35°C in the absence of C02 and in the presence of C02 at three different pressures (50, 82, and 120 bar). The reaction in the absence of C02 reached equilibrium in 1 h at 80% conversion. The reaction rate in the presence of 50 bar of C02 was higher than without C02 and, at 82 bar, again increased with respect to 50 bar. However, when the pressure was increased to 120 bar, the reaction rate decreased. This effect was explained according to the variations on the phase behavior with the pressure an increase in the C02 pressure carried an increase of solubility of reactants, products, and C02, which produced a decrease of the viscosity of the reaction mixture. This positive effect was enhanced at 82 bar and was accompanied by an increase of selective solubility of the products in the vapor phase that further increased both reaction rate and conversion. The decrease of efficiency at 120 bar was related to an increase of the solubility of the reactants in the C02 phase. 

Koros, W. J. (1985). Simplified analysis of gas/polymer selective solubility behavior, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 23, 1611. 

TABLE 11.2 Dissolution Medium Selection—Solubility of Active Component... 

Under usual conditions at least one sublattice is very rigid and—in the case of interest (in particular when dealing with solid ion conductors)—one sublattice exhibits a significant atomic mobility. The selectivity of the conductivity (cf. also the selective solubility of foreign species) is indeed a characteristic feature of solids. 

Selective Solubility of CsHe/CsHg through Poly [(4,4 -(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)-(4,4 -(Hexafluoro-Isopropylidene)-Phthalimide] Film Blend Containing 11% bis[(l,2-[Trifluoro-Methyl)ethylene-l,2-Dithiolato] Nickel(II)... 

The product mixture consisted of three components in a 4 1 1 ratio, respectively, (IV), (V), and, (VI). Allyl, (V), was removed by selective solubility in ethyl acetate containing pyrrolidone a 4 1 ratio of (IV) and (VI) was used directly in the trans-ketalization reaction. 

Certain bivalent tin salts have solubilities in nonaqueous solvents, e.g. tin(ll) chloride is soluble in many organic solvents, including alcohols, acetone, THF, and pyridine, probably to give rise to three-coordinate pyramidal [SnCl2-L]-type complexes. Other selected solubilities are SnBr2 in methanol, pyridine, or THF and tin(II) formate in H0(CH2)30H. Bivalent tin species are also solnble in acetonitrile solution, to give [Sn(MeCN) ] + (n = 2, 3, or 6), and in liquid ammonia, to give [Sn(NH2)3] . 

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