Oils, fixed

Castor Oil. Castor oil [8001-79-4] (qv) is the fixed oil from the seeds of Picinus communis Linne. Pale yellowish or almost colorless, it is a transparent viscid Hquid with a faint, mild odor and a bland taste followed by a slightly acrid and usually nauseating taste. Its specific gravity is between 0.945 and 0.965. Castor oil is soluble in alcohol, and miscible with anhydrous alcohol, glacial acetic acid, chloroform, and diethyl ether. It consists chiefly of the glycerides of ricinoleic acid [141 -22-0], and isoricinoleic acid [73891-08-4], found in the small intestine. The seed contains a highly... 

EthynodlolDia.ceta.te, Ethynodiol diacetate has been used alone, and in combination with an strogen, as an oral contraceptive and to treat disorders associated with progesterone deficiency (76). It may be crystallised from aqueous methanol (77) and is soluble in chloroform, ether, and ethanol sparingly soluble in fixed oils and insoluble in water (76). Extensive spectral and chromatographic data have been compiled (78). 

Megestrol acetate can be recrystakhed from aqueous methanol (108). It is soluble in acetone, chloroform, and ethanol slightly soluble in ether and fixed oils and insoluble in water (107). Additional spectral and physical data have been pubHshed (62). 

Progesterone. Progesterone (1) is not orally active. Although seldom used clinically, it can be adrninistered as an intramuscular injection, pessaries, or suppositories in the treatment of menstmal disorders and habitual abortion (121). Progesterone can be recrystaUized from dilute alcohol and exists in two crystalline forms (122). It is soluble in chloroform and ethanol sparingly soluble in acetone, dioxane, ether, and fixed oils and practically insoluble in water (121). Two syntheses of progesterone (1) are described in Figure 3. 

Some fixed oils, such as cottonseed oil or peanut oil, and esters, eg, isopropyl myristate, may be used as solvent systems for parenteral dmgs. 

Synthetic coumarin is largely used in the place of Tonca beans, and forms an extremely useful substance for fixing other odours. Traces of fixed oil are useful in coumarin mixtures, as the coumarin odour appears to become more fixed in this way. Foin coup6, or new-mown hay, is a favourite perfume in which coumarin is the cnief ingredient. The following table of solubilities of coumarin in alcohol of various strengths and in water has been compiled by Schimmel Co. —... 

Certain small-volume injections are available where the dmg is dissolved in a viscous oil because it is insoluble in water non-aqueous solvent must be used, hi addition, drags in non-aqueous solvents provide a depot effect, for example for hormonal compounds. The intramuscular route of injection must be used. The vehicle may be a metabolizable fixed oil such as arachis or sesame oil (but not a mineral oil) or an ester such as ethyl oleate which is also metabolizable. The latter is less viscous and therefore easier to administer but the depot effect is of shorter duration. The dmg is normally dissolved in the oil, filtered under pressure and distributed into ampoules. After sealing, the ampoules are sterilized by dry heat, for example, at 160°C for 2 hours. A bactericide is probably ineffective in such a medium and therefore offers very httle protection against contamination in a multidose oily injection. 

A major class of nonaqueous solvents is the fixed oils. The USP [1] recognizes the use of fixed oils as parenteral vehicles and lists their requirements. The most commonly used oils are corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil. Because fixed oils can be quite irritating when injected and may cause sensitivity reactions in some patients, the oil used in the product must be stated on the label. 

Sesame oil is the preferred oil for most of the official injections in oil. This is because it is the most stable (except in light) and, thus, will usually meet the official requirements. Fixed oils must never be administered intravenously and are, in fact, restricted to IM use. 

Fixed oil of Sulphur. Parachemy 6, no. 1 (Winter 1978) 504-. fhttp // homepages.ihug.com.au/ panopus/parachemv/parachemyvil.htm sulphurl. 

Singh S, Majumdar DK, Rehan HMS. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil) and its possible mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol 1996 54 19-26. 

It is invariably used as a standard for liquids belonging to the category of fixed oils and synthetic chemicals. Examples ... 

Indole ORG chem Carcinogenic, white to yellowish scales with unpleasant aroma soluble in alcohol, ether, hot water, and fixed oils melt at 52°C used as a chemical reagent and in perfumery and medicine. Also known as 2,3-benzopyrrole. in idol ... 

Soluble in ethanol, ether (Weast, 1986), benzene, chloroform, acetone, petroleum ether, fixed oils, terpenes, and aqueous alkaline solutions (Windholz et al., 1983). Also soluble in cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran. 

The assay of fixed oils provides a special case of ester hydrolysis since they are triesters of glycerol. The saponification value for a fixed oil is the number of mg of KOH equivalent to 1 g of oil. A high value means rancidity, a low value possible adulteration with mineral oil. Almost all edible oils have a saponification value between 188 and 196. Hydrolysis of the fixed oil is carried out with ethanolic KOH. 

Acid values are also determined for fixed oils. The acid value for a substance is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise 1 g of the test substance when it is... 

In a related assay, a hydroxyl value is determined for a fixed oil. A 1 3 mixture of AA in pyridine is used in the determination the pyridine is present as a catalyst. The hydroxyl value may be defined as ... 

To be completely accurate the acid value for the fixed oil should be added to the hydroxyl value since any free acid in the oil will titrate along with the excess reagents giving a small overestimate. The acid value for castor oil is about 2.0 giving a hydroxyl value for the above sample of 156. 

Characterisation of volatile oils (which may be used as excipients in formulations), proprietary cough mixtures and tonics, and fatty acids in fixed oils. 

The BP monographs for many of the fixed oils contain a GC analysis to confirm the content of the fatty acids composing the triglycerides (fatty acid triesters of glycerol) present in the oil. The monograph for almond oil states the composition of the fatty acids making up the triglyceride should be ... 

Used as a solid support for stationary phases such as liquid paraffin used in analysis of fixed oils... 

The plate is put into a tank containing iodine crystals. This treatment will produce brown spots with many organic compounds the staining is reversible, so that if it is necessary to recover the compound once it has been located, the iodine may be allowed to evaporate by exposing the plate to air and then the marked spot containing the compound of interest may be scraped off the plate. If a permanent record of the plate is required it has to be covered to prevent the iodine evaporating or the iodine spots may be sprayed with starch solution in order to stain them permanently. Iodine is used as a location agent in pharmacopoeial TLC tests of fixed oils and of cetrimide. 

Ornithine decarboxylase activity. Fixed oil (4.5%), Clupeidae brevortia tyrannus (4%), and Zea mays (1.5%) fixed oil (7.5%), Clupeidae brevortia tyrannus (1%), and Zea mays (1.5%) fixed oil (8.5%) and Zea mays (1.5%), administered orally to mice for 1 year, were active vs benzoyl peroxide-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity Oil, administered to 30 ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Senear and SKH-1 mice at doses of 1/14% (A diet), 7.9/7.1% (B diet), and 15/0% (C diet) corn oil/coco-nut oil for 6 weeks, produced no increase in enzyme activity. The level of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the UV-irradiated mice fed diet A was significantly higher than in mice fed the B or C diet. In the SKH-1 mice, ornithine decarboxylase activity was increased by 3 weeks and was significantly higher in mice fed diet C than in mice fed diet A. There was no significant effect of dietary fat on UV-induced skin tumor incidence ". 

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