Injections small volume

A 1-mL syringe with a 25- to 27-gauge needle that is Vi to 5/e inch long is best suited for intradermal injections. Small volumes (usually <0.1 mL) are used for intradermal injections and administered with Hie bevel up. 

The soluble substances, mild irritants and suspensions can be injected by this route in the large skeletal muscles (deltoid, triceps, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris etc.). These muscles are less richly supplied with sensory nerves and are more vascular, so irritant solutions can be injected. Small volumes (up to 2 ml) are injected into the deltoid muscle, and small or large volumes (up to 10 ml) are injected into the gluteal mass. 

The USP 24 requirements for particulate matter in injections, small-volume injections must be fulfilled. The contamination with particles during the filling step should be equivalent at all available machines. 

One of the advantages of CE, which is also a disadvantage, is the very small volume needed for analysis. Typical injection volumes are 1-10 nL. This ability to inject small volumes has been shown to be useful in the analysis of single cells and microdialysis samples. Although the concentration-based detection limits of LCEC and CEEC are similar, detection limits based on actual mass analyzed are much lower for CEEC. Typical mass limits of detection for an electroactive compound are in the attomole range. 

The term flow injection (FI) analysis describes the technique of injecting small volumes or plugs of sample into an unsegmented carrier stream. There have been... 

From the examples given in this paper, it is evident that microprocessor control of the molecular probe experiment adds scope and precision to the measurements, as well as avoiding the tediro and operator error involved in repeatedly and reproducibly injecting small volumes of probes (for crystallinity determinations) and permitting quick calculations of adsorption isotherms and BET plots, in the case of surface work. It is hoped that instruments specifically designed for the purpose will be available commercially in the near future. 

Reagent injection (Fig. 8.4), first designed to monitor the content of nutrients in seawater [279, 822], saves reagents by injecting small volume of these (by means of pump FI) only at the times when a readout is required, while the analyte solution (5) is pumped continuously through the FIA channel. The carrier stream (C) is used to dilute and/or precondition the sample solution, detector (D) monitoring the composition of the flowing stream. Since detectable species is formed only in the presence... 

Note The injection/compression moulding process capability maps 1, 2 and 3 are used for large parts with a major dimension greater than 50 mm typically and/or for large production volumes. Map 4 is for injection moulded parts that have a major dimension less than 150 mm and which are produced in small volumes. 

Flow injection techniques can be used to inject sample volumes as small as 10 jiL into a flowing stream of water with little degradation of detection limits. Frit nebulizers have efficiencies as high as 94% and can be operated with as litde as 2 jiL of sample solution. 

The peak width increases with injection volume. Therefore this parameter has to be fixed for comparative measurements. It has become the custom to inject low molecular weight test samples in very small volumes at very high concentrations, occasionally even as pure compounds. This extreme is not recommended as it is more important to inject a constant sample amount, reproducibly, in a precisely kept volume. Typical GPC injections are between 50 and 200 /a1. It is better to inject a larger volume of a lower concentration polymer solution. GPC units are often not designed for injection volumes lower... 

Assay of scintillon activity. A small volume (5-50 xl) of a scintillon sample is mixed with 1ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 10 mM EDTA and 1 mM DTT. To this mixture, 1 ml of 0.2 M sodium citrate, pH 5.2 (or 30 mM acetic acid) is injected and the light emission is measured. 

Small-volume oily injections 7 Absorbable haemostats... 

Small-volume injections may be sterilized by the following methods. 

Certain small-volume injections are available where the dmg is dissolved in a viscous oil because it is insoluble in water non-aqueous solvent must be used, hi addition, drags in non-aqueous solvents provide a depot effect, for example for hormonal compounds. The intramuscular route of injection must be used. The vehicle may be a metabolizable fixed oil such as arachis or sesame oil (but not a mineral oil) or an ester such as ethyl oleate which is also metabolizable. The latter is less viscous and therefore easier to administer but the depot effect is of shorter duration. The dmg is normally dissolved in the oil, filtered under pressure and distributed into ampoules. After sealing, the ampoules are sterilized by dry heat, for example, at 160°C for 2 hours. A bactericide is probably ineffective in such a medium and therefore offers very httle protection against contamination in a multidose oily injection. 

In cases of severe acute asthmatic attacks, bronchodilators and steroids for direct dehveiy to the lungs may be needed in large doses. This is achieved by direct inhalation via a nebulizer device this converts a liquid into a mist or fine spray. The dmg is diluted in small volumes of Water for Injections BP before loading into the reservoir of the machine. This vehicle must be sterile and preservative-fiee and is therefore prepared as a terminally sterilized unit dose in polyethylene nebules. 

On a still shorter timescale, Sigmarsson (1996) used Pb- Ra disequilibria in Surtsey and Heimaey (Iceland) lavas to infer the differentiation time from the Surtsey alkali basalt erupted in 1963-1967 to the Heimaey hawaiites and mugearites (1973 eruption). The ( Pb/ Ra) ratios increase from the basalts to the evolved lavas, which can be explained by a closed system differentiation of about 10 years, a value similar to the time elapsed between the two eruptions. Thus, the Heimaey eruption is interpreted as a consequence of the injection in the crust of a small volume of basaltic magma, 10 years before eruption, a duration long enough to allow its differentiation towards hawaiite and mugearite compositions. 

Solubilizing all or part of a sample matrix by contacting with liquids is one of the most widely used sample preparation techniques for gases, vapors, liquids or solids. Additional selectivity is possible by distributing the sample between pairs of immiscible liquids in which the analyte and its matrix have different solubilities. Equipment requirements are generally very simple for solvent extraction techniques. Table 8.2 [4,10], and solutions are easy to manipulate, convenient to inject into chromatographic instruments, and even small volumes of liquids can be measured accurately. Solids can be recovered from volatile solvents by evaporation. Since relatively large solvent volumes are used in most extraction procedures, solvent impurities, contaminants, etc., are always a common cause for concern [65,66]. 

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