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Solutes water

From the standpoint of thermodynamics, the dissolving process is the estabHsh-ment of an equilibrium between the phase of the solute and its saturated aqueous solution. Aqueous solubility is almost exclusively dependent on the intermolecular forces that exist between the solute molecules and the water molecules. The solute-solute, solute-water, and water-water adhesive interactions determine the amount of compound dissolving in water. Additional solute-solute interactions are associated with the lattice energy in the crystalline state. [Pg.495]

Deliquescence and efflorescence. A substance is said to deliquesce (Latin to become liquid) when it forms a solution or liquid phase upon standing in the air. The essential condition is that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution of the highest hydrate at the ordinary temperature should be less than the partial pressure of the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere. Water will be absorbed by the substance, which gradually liquefies to a saturated solution water vapour will continue to be absorbed by the latter until an unsaturated solution, having the same vapour pressure as the partial pressure of water vapour in the air, is formed. In order that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution may be sufficiently low, the substance must be extremely soluble in water, and it is only such substances (e.g., calcium chloride, zinc chloride and potassium hydroxide) that deliquesce. [Pg.43]

By treatment with anhydrous aluminium chloride (Holmes and Beeman, 1934). Ordinary commercial, water-white benzene contains about 0 05 per cent, of thiophene. It is first dried with anhydrous calcium chloride. One litre of the dry crude benzene is shaken vigorously (preferably in a mechanical shaking machine) with 12 g. of anhydrous aluminium chloride for half an hour the temperature should preferably be 25-35°. The benzene is then decanted from the red liquid formed, washed with 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution (to remove soluble sulphur compounds), then with water, and finally dried over anhydrous calcium chloride. It is then distilled and the fraction, b.p. 79-5-80-5°, is collected. The latter is again vigorously shaken with 24 g. of anhydrous aluminium chloride for 30 minutes, decanted from the red liquid, washed with 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, water, dried, and distilled. The resulting benzene is free from thiophene. [Pg.173]

All hydrocarbons prepared by th -. Wurtz reaction contain small quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons. These may be removed by shaking repeatedly with 10 pier cent, of the volume of concentrated sulphuric acid until the acid is no longer coloured (or is at most extremely pale yellow) each shaking should be of about 5 minutes duration. The hydrocarbon is washed with water, 10 pier cent sodium carbonate solution, water (twice), and dried with anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate. It is then distilled from sodium two distillations are usually necessary... [Pg.236]

Commercial n biityl ether is purified by washing with sodium hydroxide solution, water, drying with anhydrous calcium chloride, and then fractionating. The fraction, b.p. 140-142°, is collected. [Pg.254]

The state of aqueous solutions of nitric acid In strongly acidic solutions water is a weaker base than its behaviour in dilute solutions would predict, for it is almost unprotonated in concentrated nitric acid, and only partially protonated in concentrated sulphuric acid. The addition of water to nitric acid affects the equilibrium leading to the formation of the nitronium and nitrate ions ( 2.2.1). The intensity of the peak in the Raman spectrum associated with the nitronium ion decreases with the progressive addition of water, and the peak is absent from the spectrum of solutions containing more than about 5% of water a similar effect has been observed in the infra-red spectrum. ... [Pg.7]

Solvent Evaporation. This encapsulation technology involves removing a volatile solvent from either an oil-in-water, oil-in-oil, or water-in-oH-in-water emulsion (19,20). In most cases, the shell material is dissolved in a volatile solvent such as methylene chloride or ethyl acetate. The active agent to be encapsulated is either dissolved, dispersed, or emulsified into this solution. Water-soluble core materials like hormonal polypeptides are dissolved in water that contains a thickening agent before dispersion in the volatile solvent phase that contains the shell material. This dispersed aqueous phase is gelled thermally to entrap the polypeptide in the dispersed aqueous phase before solvent evaporation occurs (21). [Pg.321]

There are four processes for industrial production of ahyl alcohol. One is alkaline hydrolysis of ahyl chloride (1). In this process, the amount of ahyl chloride, 20 wt % aqueous NaOH solution, water, and steam are controhed as they are added to the reactor and the hydrolysis is carried out at 150 °C, 1.4 MPa (203 psi) and pH 10—12. Under these conditions, conversion of ahyl chloride is 97—98%, and ahyl alcohol is selectively produced in 92—93% yield. The main by-products are diahyl ether and a small amount of high boiling point substance. The alkaU concentration and pH value are important factors. At high alkah concentrations, the amount of by-product, diahyl ether, increases and at low concentrations, conversion of ahyl chloride does not increase. [Pg.74]

Chemical Production. Electrolytic production of chemicals is conducted either by solution (water) electrolysis or fused-salt electrolysis. Fluorine, chlorine, chlorate, and manganese dioxide are Hberated from water solutions magnesium and sodium are generated from molten salt solutions. [Pg.521]

When solution must be pumped, consideration should be given to use of holding tanks between the dry feed system and feed pumps, and the solution water supply should be controlled to prevent excessive dilution. The dry feeders may be started and stopped by tank level probes. Variable-control metering pumps can then transfer the alum stock solution to the point of application without further dilution. Means should be provided for calibration of the chemical feeders. Volumetric feeders may be mounted on platform scales. Belt feeders should include a sample chute and box to catch samples for checking actual delivery with set delivery. Gravimetric feeders are usually furnished with totalizers only. Remote instrumentation is frequently used with gravimetric equipment, but seldom used with volumetric equipment. [Pg.95]

Fig. 38 Companson of manual dipping (A) with mechanized dipping (B) on the basis of scans and calibration curves [114] — 1 = cM-diethylstilbestrol, 2 = traw-diethylstilbestrol, 3 = ethinylestradiol Scanning curve 2 ng of each substance per chromatogram zone = 313 nm, /n > 390 nm Dipping solution water — sulfuric acid — methanol (85 + 15 + 1)... Fig. 38 Companson of manual dipping (A) with mechanized dipping (B) on the basis of scans and calibration curves [114] — 1 = cM-diethylstilbestrol, 2 = traw-diethylstilbestrol, 3 = ethinylestradiol Scanning curve 2 ng of each substance per chromatogram zone = 313 nm, /n > 390 nm Dipping solution water — sulfuric acid — methanol (85 + 15 + 1)...
The dipping solutions described in Part II of this book are usually less concentrated than the corresponding spray solutions. The solvents employed are specially chosen for their suitability to the special requirements of dipping solutions. Water, which on the one hand, can sit on the surface of RP plates and not penetrate them and, on the other hand, can cause disintegration of water-incompatible layers is usually replaced by alcohol or other lipophilic solvents. [Pg.85]

A-Homo-estra- Q>),2,Aa-triene-4, l-dione (45) from the l-ketal mono-dibromocarbene adduct (43b). A solution of monoadduct 17-ketal (43b 0.46 g) and dry pyridine (20 ml) is heated at reflux for 2 hr. After cooling the reaction mixture, the pyridine hydrobromide (0.1 g) is removed by filtration and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant gum is dissolved in ether and washed successively with water, ice-cold 4 N hydrochloric acid, water, 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, water, saturated salt solution and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent at reduced pressure gives 3-bromo-4-methoxy-A-homo-estra-2,4,5(10)-trien-17-one (44 0.22 g) mp 158-162° after crystallization from ether. [Pg.371]

A-Homo-estra-, 4, )-triene-3, l-dione (50). A solution of bromo ketone (49 0.2 g), silver perchlorate (0.5 g) and 20% aqueous acetone (30 ml) is heated at reflux with stirring for 30 min and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture is filtered to remove precipitated silver bromide (ca. 0.19 g) and the filtrate is diluted with water (200 ml) and then extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extracts are washed, successively with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, water and saturated salt solution. After being dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solvents are removed at reduced pressure to give a solid. Recrystallization from ethyl acetate gives A-homo-estra-l,4,5(10)-triene-3,17-dione (50 0.17 g) mp 193-197°. [Pg.373]

After an additional 10 min, a 1 % solution of hydrochloric acid (100 ml) is slowly added to the stirred reaction mixture and the resultant mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel. The ether layer is separated and washed sequentially with water, 5 % sodium bicarbonate solution, water and saturated salt solution. The washed ether solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to give an oily residue (0.45 g). Chromatography of the crude product on silica gel (50 g) followed by crystallization of the solid thus obtained (0.18 g) from ethanol gives 3 -hydroxy-B-homo-cholest-5-en-7a-one acetate (67 0.14 g) mp 90-91° [a]o 99° (CHCI3). [Pg.378]

Sodium ethoxide from sodium (3.67 g) in absolute alcohol (64 ml) was added over 20 minutes with stirring to a mixture of ethyl 4-i-butylphenylacetate (28.14 g) and ethyl carbonate (102 ml) at lOO C. The reaction flask was fitted with a Fenske column through which alcohol and then ethyl carbonate distilled. After 1 hour when the still head reached 124°C heating was discontinued. Glacial acetic acid (12 ml) and water (50 ml) was added to the stirred ice-cooled mixture and the ester isolated in ether, washed with sodium carbonate solution, water and distilled to give ethyl 4-i-butylphenylmalonate. [Pg.797]

The lower glycol layer was separated and washed with benzene. The benzene layer and the benzene washings were combined and the combined solution was divided into two equal portions, one of which was used for the isolation of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone 3,20-bis-(ethylene ketal) as follows. The benzene solution was washed with 5% sodium carbonate solution, water and saturated sodium chloride solution. After being dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate the solution was concentrated to dryness at reduced pressure. [Pg.915]

This temperature is gradually raised to 95°C and the mixture kept at this temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is allowed to cool and added to 2 liters of water. The aqueous layer is extracted with ether, the ether solution washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, 5% Na2C03 solution, water, and then dried. The ether filtrate is concentrated with 200 grams silica-gel, and added to a five pound silica-gel column packed with 5% ether-petroleum ether. The column is eluted with 5 to 10% ether-petroleum ether and followed by TLC to give 6-fluoro-2-methylindanone. [Pg.1426]

The non-electrostatic interaction between a solid metal and the constituents in solution (water, ions, etc.) will not be the same as that for mercury. [Pg.1184]

If the nitroso derivative is desired, the yellow solid is separated by filtration, washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and dried under reduced pressure at room temperature. The solid is recrystallized from ether to give yellow needles of pure nitrosoamide yield 7.5 g. (64%), m.p. 57-58° (dec.). [Pg.45]

C. 2-Phenylethyl benzoate. The carbon tetrachloride solution of N-nitroso-N-(2-phenylethyl)benzamide (Note 4) and 0.1 g. of sodium carbonate (Note 5) are placed in a 200-mi. round-bottomed flask equipped with a condenser, and the mixture is heated under reflux for 24 hours. The evolution of nitrogen ceases, and the yellow color of the nitrosoamide disappears near the end of this period. The solution is washed with 5% sodium hydroxide solution, water, and dried. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the 2-phenylethyl benzoate distilled b.p. 138-142° (1 mm.), yield 5.8-6.1 g. [56-59% based on N-(2-phenylethyl) benzamide]. [Pg.45]

Nutrient solutions used in intravenous feeding must be isotonic with blood that is, they must have the same osmotic pressure as blood. If the solution is too dilute, its osmotic pressure will be less than that of the fluids inside blood cells in that case, water will flow into the cell until it bursts. Conversely, if the nutrient solution has too high a concentration of solutes, water will flow out of the cell until it shrivels and dies. [Pg.273]

Washing Washing solution - water number of cells - 5-6 VorgWaqu = (5-10) l ... [Pg.288]

Thiosulphate as Ag2S. Add a slight excess of 0.1 M silver nitrate solution to the cold, almost neutral, thiosulphate solution. Heat at 60 °C in a covered vessel and, after cooling, filter and wash the silver sulphide precipitate with ammonium nitrate solution, water and finally with ethanol. Dry at 110°C and weigh as Ag2S (Section 11.76). [Pg.497]


See other pages where Solutes water is mentioned: [Pg.282]    [Pg.382]    [Pg.69]    [Pg.302]    [Pg.173]    [Pg.1055]    [Pg.1119]    [Pg.431]    [Pg.172]    [Pg.316]    [Pg.344]    [Pg.408]    [Pg.449]    [Pg.472]    [Pg.360]    [Pg.372]    [Pg.1289]    [Pg.289]    [Pg.340]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.25]    [Pg.18]    [Pg.402]    [Pg.105]    [Pg.17]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.45 , Pg.46 , Pg.47 , Pg.48 , Pg.49 , Pg.50 , Pg.51 , Pg.52 , Pg.53 , Pg.54 , Pg.55 , Pg.56 , Pg.57 , Pg.58 , Pg.59 , Pg.60 , Pg.61 , Pg.62 , Pg.63 ]




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Acetone-water solution

Acidic solutions hydrogen ions from water

Alkaline water solutions

Amino hydrochloride water solutions

Ammonia-sulfur dioxide-water solutions

Apolar Solutes in Water

Apparent solute soil-water

Application of an Interstitial Model for Water to Aqueous Solutions

Application to water-based solutions and the effect of moisture

Aqueous solution data octanol-water partition constant

Aqueous solutions water quality

Azeotrope water-dioxane solutions

Binary Mixtures of Nonelectrolytes with Water as the Solute

Bulk sodium chloride-water solution

Carbon dioxide water solution

Composition of Water Solution

Conductivity Titration of Baryta Water with Sulfuric Acid Solution

Critical solution temperature application to determination of water

Critical solution temperature, phenol-water

Critical solution temperature, phenol-water systems

Cross-relaxation water solution

Dialysis solutions water quality

Diffusion coefficients, solute-water

Diphoterine® solutions water

Dow Water and Process Solutions FilmTec

Electrolysis of water and aqueous solutions

Electrolysis of water solutions

Electrolyte solutions in water

Equilibrium of a Flat Water Solution

Ethanol-water composition, solute

Ethanol-water composition, solute solubility

Extraction organic solutes from water, apparatus

For buffer solutions in alcohol-water solvents

Formaldehyde Solutions in Water

Fullerene water solutions

Glucose in water solutions

Glucose solutions, deuterium water

Glycerin-water solution

Ground water solutions

Heat capacity of solutes in water

Hexafluorine® solutions water washing

Homogeneous Catalysis in Solution with Tritiated Water

Hydrocarbon liquid, water solute

Hydrocarbon vapor, water solute

Hydrocarbons, liquid solution into water, temperature

Hydrochloric acid weak base solution/water

Influence of solution partners on iodine chemistry in the sump water

Interfacial tension solute-water

Ionic solutes in water

Lithium Bromide—Water Solutions

Lysozyme solutions, water relaxation

Metal-solution interphase water structure

Methanol-water solution density

Micellization water-soluble solute molecules

Molecular Theory of Water and Aqueous Solutions

Molecular solutes in water

Nonvolatile solutes in water

Organics and Salt Rejection in Synthetic Surface Water Solutions

Polyacrylamide solution viscosity, saline waters

Protein solutions, water

Prussian Blue water solution

Quantum-mechanical studies of water and aqueous (ionic) solutions

Reactions with Water and Hydroxide Solution

SULFURIC ACID (solution in water

Salt solutions anion reaction with water

Salt solutions cation reaction with water

Sediment-water Solute Fluxes

Separation of Organic-Water Solutions

Size and Dipole Moment of Water Molecules in Solution

Sodium chloride, crystal structure water solution

Solid solution water interlayer

Solute distribution, natural water freezing

Solute equilibrated with water environment

Solute-water attractions

Solute-water encounter rules

Solute-water radial distribution function

Solutes at the Surface of Water

Solutes in Water

Solution Methylpyridine/water

Solution complexation, versus solvent water

Solution gas-water ratio

Solution in water

Solution water ionization

Solutions and water

Solutions in Solvents Other than Water

Solutions mannitol/water, osmolality

Solutions of Gases in Water How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz

Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water How to Make Rock Candy

Solutions of water soluble polymers

Solutions, water-based adhesive

Solvent selection extraction, solutes from water

Structure of the Water Solution

Studies of Water and Solution Phenomena

Sugar solutions, water relaxation

Technical water glass solution

Temperature versus water content solute

The Unique Properties of Liquid Water and Aqueous Solutions

Toluene/water solution

Vapor pressure water, over salt solutions

Water Activity Control Using Saturated Salt Solutions

Water Aqueous solutions

Water DMSO solutions

Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Water Structure in Aqueous Solutions

Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions

Water and Solute Transport Processes

Water and dilute aqueous solutions

Water and its Solutions

Water aqueous solutions and

Water boiling solutions

Water ethanol solutions

Water for Solutions

Water glass aqueous solution, sodium silicate

Water glass solutions

Water in aqueous solutions

Water organic solutes

Water removal in acid solutions

Water salt solution

Water soluble polymers solution

Water soluble polymers solution compatibility

Water solute diffusion

Water solute interactions

Water solution chemistry

Water solution process

Water solution properties

Water solutions

Water solutions, titrations

Water structure and cavity formation in concentrated sugar solutions

Water structure electrolyte solutions

Water structure in presence of solutes

Water with One Simple Solute Particle

Water with Two or More Simple Solutes, Hydrophobic Interaction (HI)

Water with two solute molecules

Water, self-diffusion coefficient solutions

Water-THF Solutions of Potassium(l ) Tetracarbonylhydridoferrate

Water-caffeine solutions

Water-methanol solution

Water-solid interactions mixture solution

Water-soluble cellulose ether solution properties

Water-soluble polymers solution behaviour

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