Toluene/water solution

Table I. Pertinent Data for the Continuous Extraction and Ultrafiltration of a Toluene/Water Solution...

Note that in Figure 6.23, part of the diffusion path for the primed phase (viz., the segment cd) hes within the two-phase region of the phase diagram. Ruschak and Miller (1972) proposed that when such behavior is found, spontaneous emulsification should be expected in the phase or phases having supersamrated compositions. Their experiments for three toluene-water-solute systems having tie-lines of different slope confirmed the ability of this scheme to predict both when emulsion would form and in which phase or phases. As Figure 6.23 indicates, one factor that favors spontaneous emulsification is diffusion of the solute into the phase in which it is more soluble. 

Liquid paraffin carbamate and urea herbicides stabilization and enhancement spray solution, 20% in toluene, water investigation [241]... 

It is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the error due to insufficiently low humidity when distillation methods are used with organic liquids such as toluene (6, 28), xylene (6, 28), or chloroform (12). With organic liquids essentially immiscible with water and of high boiling point the error is probably very small. When methanol is used as an extraction solvent, as in the Fischer reagent method, the amount of unextracted water is undoubtedly some function of the concentration of water in the alcohol, but the error might be small because of substitution of adsorbed water by adsorbed alcohol (23, 34). This seems to be borne out by experiments of Schroeder and Nair (31), who deliberately added water to the alcohol to form a 0.5% water solution and found that the results of their moisture determinations were essentially the same as with anhydrous methanol, which contained about 0.05% water. 

The Diels-Alder reaction of methyl methacrylate with cyclopentadiene was studied [72] with solutions from three different regions of the pseudophase diagram for toluene, water and 2-propanol, in the absence and in the presence of surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)]. The composition of the three solutions (Table 6.11) corresponds to a W/O-fiE (A), a solution of small aggregates (B) and a normal ternary solution (C). The diastereoselectivity was practically constant in the absence and in the presence of surfactant a slight increase of endo adduct was observed in the C medium in the presence of surfactant. This suggests that the reaction probably occurs in the interphase and that the transition state has a similar environment in all three media. 

Fig. 21. Recoverable strain as a function of shear stress for polystyrene/toluene solutions with different molar masses at 5 wt%. (+) polyacrylamide/water solutions, ( ) 2 wt%, (x) 2 wt% (with surfactant), (O) 4 wt% and polyethylene melts...

Ng and Tsakiri—Mo, W, and Ru carbonyl catalysts—kinetics over Mo supported formate mechanism. Ng and Tsakiri127 reported the homogeneous catalysis of water-gas shift using a number of different metal carbonyl complexes (e.g., Mo(CO)6, W(CO)6, and Ru3(CO)12) under basic conditions in toluene-water emulsions (Table 45). The conditions used were PCo = 20.7 atm T = 180 °C 70 ml solution containing 71.4 mmol KOH 2.5 hours 550 revs/min stirring rate. 

One of the examples of inclusion complexes formed by intermolecular forces is the C60/PVP complex for the first time described by Yamakoshi et al. (1994). The non-covalent intermolecular nature of forces that stabilizes this complex confirms the fact that fullerene can be quantitatively extracted from its water solution by toluene. 

The method of preparation of this complex is simple enough and consists of mixing of fullerene solution in toluene with solution of PVP in chloroform with the following evaporation of organic solvents and dissolution of the residue in water. It was shown that the complex formation caused the bathochromic and hypochromic shifts of the fullerene absorption bands in UV-VIS spectra (Yamakoshi et al., 1994). 

Racemic 1-methyltetrahydroisoquinoIine (5 g) toluene (water saturated, 70 mL) 3-methoxyphenyl allylcarbonate (4.65 g) ChiroCLEC-CR (100 mg) saturated sodium chloride solution (50 mL)... 

Prior to the reaction a stock solution of toluene saturated with water was prepared by vigorously stirring a toluene-water mixture for 1 h and then allowing the two layers to separate the toluene layer was used for the reaction solvent. 

A 1-1., three-necked, round-bottomed flask is fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser attached to a Dean-Stark water separator, and a 250-ml. dropping funnel. The flask is charged with 25.0 g. (0.16 mole) of 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal (Note 1) and 500 ml. of toluene. The solution is heated to reflux with stirring, and a solution of iV-methylhydroxylamine, methanol, and toluene is added (see below). 

Fig. 25. Results of Madden and Damerell obtained in a 1500-ml. mixing vessel, containing 1000 ml. toluene-iodine solution as continuous phase and water as dispersed phase.

Figure 4.9 Derivation of the mass transfer coefficient by Wilson s method. Toluene/water enrichments are plotted as a function of feed solution superficial velocity in pervaporation experiments. Enrichments were measured at different feed solution superficial velocities with spiral-wound membrane modules [15]...

Poly(l,l-silole)s, SCPs catenated through the ring silicon atom, can be regarded as a new class of polysilanes. It was found that PL intensities of the toluene solution of a poly(l,l-silole) 24 (Fig. 12) could be quenched by the addition of tiny amounts of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and nitrobenzene, demonstrating that poly(l,l-silole)s are potential chemosensors for explosives.41 TNT could also be detected using the polymer film. In an air stream containing 4 ppb TNT, 8.2% decrease of the PL intensity was found from the film. PL quenching can also be detected when the film contacts a 50 ppb TNT-water solution. 

The target oligomer is synthesised in reactor 10. For this purpose, Laprol is loaded from batch box 11, and toluene is loaded from batch box 12. The agitator is switched on, the temperature in the reactor is increased to 110-130 °C (to 85-110 °C in vapours) by sending vapour into the jacket and at this temperature toluene is subjected to azeotropic drying. The vapour of the azeotropic mixture (toluene + water) rises up packed tower 13 and condenses in refluxer 14. The condensate splits in Florentine flask 15. Toluene from the top part of the apparatus is sent back (through a side choke) to reflux tower 13, and toluene-containing water is collected in receptacle 16. Thus the toluene solution of Laprol is dehydrated until moisture content is not more than 0.01%. 

The ACP with Ru Pybox- hm revealed that the use of single organic solvents, such as toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF), resulted in lower yields and lower enantioselectivity. However, when water was added to THF or toluene solutions, the reaction proceeded smoothly, improving the enantioselectivity and the yields slightly. This phenomenon accounted for the increase of the solubility of the Ru(Pybox-hm)Cl2(vacant or solvent) species. The ACP carried out in toluene/water biphasic media attained 94% ee for the trans form (Scheme 4). As the active Ru Pybox-hm species still remained in the aqueous phase after the reaction, the second run( ) could be carried out by addition of diazoacetate and styrene to give a similar result. Thus, the water-soluble catalyst can be recycled. 

Diphenyl Naphthyl Telluronium Iodide1 10 g (28 mmol) of diphenyl tellurium dichloridc are dissolved in 250 ml of dry toluene. A solution of 1 -naphthyl magnesium bromide in diethyl ether is prepared from 17.4 g (84 mmol) of 1-bromonaphthalene. The solution of the tellurium compound is quickly poured into the freshly prepared Grignard solution, the mixture is shaken vigorously, and 20 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid are added immediately. The solution is decanted from the precipitate, the precipitate is dissolved in boiling water, silver chloride is added, and the mixture is heated. The mixture is then filtered, sodium sulfite is added to the filtrate, and the telluronium iodide is precipitated by the addition of potassium iodide yield 11.8 g (78%) m.p. 148° (from ethanol, ethanol/diethyl ether). 

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