Intravenous feeding

Such symps are used in the preparation of confections, preserves, and other foodstuffs. The maltose in malt symps is important in brewing (see Beer). Intravenous feeding (primarily in Europe and Japan) and sports beverage formulations take advantage of the fact that energy release from maltose becomes accessible to the body at a slower rate than energy suppHed by monosaccharides (31). 

Glucose, C6Hi206, in water is often used for intravenous feeding. Sometimes sodium ions are added to the solution. A pharmacist prepares a solution by adding 2.0 mg of sodium ions (in the form of NaCl), 6.00 g of glucose, and 112 g of water. 

Nutrient solutions used in intravenous feeding must be isotonic with blood that is, they must have the same osmotic pressure as blood. If the solution is too dilute, its osmotic pressure will be less than that of the fluids inside blood cells in that case, water will flow into the cell until it bursts. Conversely, if the nutrient solution has too high a concentration of solutes, water will flow out of the cell until it shrivels and dies. 

Blood and lymph are approximately isotonic to a cell so that cells do not gain or lose liquid when bathed in these fluids. Pure water is hypotonic and may cause cells to swell and burst. During intravenous feeding, injections, and storage of cell tissue, a salt (saline) solution is used with a concentration of solutes that is essentially isotonic with blood (and hence, with the cell) to prevent cell damage. 

Red blood cells are particularly susceptible to these potentially damaging concentration changes because they are suspended in the aqueous medium of the blood. Consequently, solutions used for intravenous feeding must be isotonic. Example deals with isotonic solutions. 

Identify the major species in each of the following aqueous solutions (a) Na CH3 CO2 (sodium acetate) (b) HCIO4 (perchloric acid) (c) Cg Hi 2 Og (glucose, used for intravenous feeding) and (d) NH3 (ammonia, used for household cleaning). 

Rhoads, J.E Can intravenous feeding as the sole means of nutrition support growth in the child and restore weight loss in an adult An affirmative answer Ann Surg (1969), 169, 974 - 984 ... 

Calcium and Phosphate Needs of Preterm Infants Requiring Prolonged Intravenous Feeding... 

Our simple approach to determining the optimal Ca/P ratio for intravenous feeding solutions was to simply alter the ratio of calcium to phosphate in these solutions and measure the only external loss of calcium and phosphate which was in the urine. We initially assumed that the difference between the intake and urinary loss of calcium and phosphate would measure the retention of these elements. The results of seven balance studies at varying Ca/P ratios are shown in Figure 5. 

Since potassium is found abundantly in most natural foods consumed by animals, deficiency is ordinarily no problem. With prolonged maintenance through parenteral (intravenous) feeding when normal oral feeding is not possible, potassium must be supplied. 

Solutions that are injected into the bloodstream (for blood transfusions and intravenous feeding) must be isotonic with the blood (that is, have the same... 

The first goal of rehabilitation from any eating disorder is to stabilize both weight and self-destructive behavior such as diuretic abuse and binge eating. Patients with anorexia may be severely malnourished, and could have additional related health problems such as impaired kidney function and dehydration that need immediate medical attention. They may also require intravenous feeding. 

Bishop NJ, Morley R, Day JP, et al. 1997. Aluminum neurotoxicity in preterm infants receiving intravenous-feeding solutions. N Engl J Med 336 1557-1561. 

Considerable losses of body water may occur rather suddenly via hemorrhage or more slowly via severe diarrhea or vomiting. Excessive losses of blood volume cause shock, which may set in when 25-30% of the blood volume is lost. The physiologic mechanism to correct for blood loss involves the rapid movement of interstitial fluid into the circulatory system, into which as much as 50% of the interstitial fluid may thus be transferred within a matter of a few hours. The interstitial fluid is, in turn, partially replaced by intracellular fluid however, this is a much slower process, and 1 or 2 days is required to reestablish a fluid equilibrium in the organism. The lost fluids and electrolytes must eventually be replaced through diet or intravenous feeding. 

Glucose, C6H1206, is commonly mixed with water to make intravenous feeding solutions. What would be the vapor pressure of a solution where 60.0 g of glucose (molar mass 180.16 g) is dissolved in 700.0 g HzO at 22°C The vapor pressure of pure water at 22°C is 19.83 mm Hg. 

Dahl GB, Svensson L, Kinnander NJG, Zander M, Bergstrom UK. Stability of vitamins in soybean oil fat emulsion under conditions simulating intravenous feeding of neonates and children. J Parent Enter Nutr 1994 18 234-239. 

Intravenous feeding can supply some or all of the nutrients these patients need. 

Albert, J. D., Legaspi, A., Horowitz, G. D., Tracey, K, J., Brennan, M. F and Lowry, S. F. (1986). Extremity amino acid metabolism during starvation and intravenous feeding in humans- Ant. J. Physiol. 251, E604-E61fl-... 

The recommended provision of vitamin A to adults during intravenous nutrition (IVN), whether this is partial or total parenteral nutrition (TEN), is 1000 fig retinol. This is usually provided as retinol palmitate and is supplied either with other fat-soluble vitamins in a mixture dissolved in a fat emulsion for intravenous feeding or is designed to be compatible with a mixture of all vitamins suitable for addition to other water-soluble nutrients. 

Glucose (C6H1206) is the main substance in a solution used for intravenous feeding. How many grams of glucose must be dissolved in water in order to prepare 500 g of 5% solution by mass ... 

Plant genetic experiments presently being undertaken with corn (maize) and with rice may improve the nutritional properties of these cereals. These may help to close the amino acid nutritional gap, which exists between plant sources of proteins and first class proteins [70]. However, this will still not remove the need for synthetic amino acids for their many other uses (e.g., for chelating agents), as dietary supplements, as building blocks for specialty proteins, and as components of intravenous feeding solutions. All of these... 

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