Solution gas-water ratio

EXAMPLE 16-8 Continue Example 16-1. Estimate the solution gas-water ratio of the brine at 3161 psig and 165°F. 

The solution gas-water ratio, Rsw, changes as reservoir pressure changes in the same way as the oil solution gas-oil ratio. However, Rsw is very much smaller than Rs. Figure 8-2 illustrates the typical shape of Rsw... 

Fig. 16-14. Derivative of solution gas-water ratio with respect to pressure. (Ramey, Trans., AIME 231, 447. Copyright 1964 SPE-AIME.)...

Figure 16-14, page 455, Derivative of Solution Gas-Water Ratio with... 

A Hquid-phase variation of the direct hydration was developed by Tokuyama Soda (78). The disadvantages of the gas-phase processes are largely avoided by employing a weakly acidic aqueous catalyst solution of a siHcotungstate (82). Preheated propylene, water, and recycled aqueous catalyst solution are pressurized and fed into a reaction chamber where they react in the Hquid state at 270°C and 20.3 MPa (200 atm) and form aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Propylene conversions of 60—70% per pass are obtained, and selectivity to isopropyl alcohol is 98—99 mol % of converted propylene. The catalyst is recycled and requites Htde replenishment compared to other processes. Corrosion and environmental problems are also minimized because the catalyst is a weak acid and because the system is completely closed. On account of the low gas recycle ratio, regular commercial propylene of 95% purity can be used as feedstock. 

Hagenmaier et al. [59] have described a method for the quantitative gas chromatographic determination of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in lake water samples. Sample enrichment is effected by liquid-liquid extraction with pentane, followed by separation on a capillary gas-liquid chromatographic column, with electron capture detection. A 1 25 pentane-water ratio was employed in conjunction with a standard solution of a reference compound (1-bromobutane) for estimating extraction... 

Dispersions have proved to be much more stable to gas injection than to water injection(2,4). The maximum ratio of water to surfactant solution that can be used in a three-phase cycle of surfactant solution, gas, and water is uncertain, but is probably no more than three(4). 

Figure 8. Aqueous solution versus gas phase ratio of rate constants for addition of H and Mu atoms to benzene. Open symbols apply to solutions using tert butanol, crossed squares to methanol as hydroxyl radical scavengers. The brokoi line gives the e q)ected values based on the poative free energy of solvation of hydrogen atoms in water, the solid line involves a further correction ([28], reprinted with permission).

Since the set-up is intended to perform research and development of solvents, it shall be flexible in its setting of parameters. A small solvent buffer tank is included as an absorber sump. Solvent refill or replacement will be possible in different ways, but the main one is via the stripper condenser vessel. It is intended that different solvents are to be tested at for example different gas/liquid ratio s, striper pressures/temperatures and gas compositions. However, it is important to note that the design takes into account amine solutions in water. After small modification, the pilot unit can also be tested with non-aqueous solvents. 

Clearly, the larger the ratio rjs, the larger the relative affinity of s for the two phases. Since we are interested in the relative affinities of various solutes towards water, we can choose a constant reference solvent a and measure the ratio % for various solutes. The simplest reference solvent is an ideal gas, for which AGf = 0 and rjs in (3.3.3) reduces to the Ostwald coefficient (3.2.1) ... 

HI also influence the conformational preferences of organic solutes in water. The tendency is to reduce the solvent-accessible surface area as exemphfied by MD simulations of -butane. If n-butane is transferred from the gas phase to water, there is an entropy-driven increased population of the more compact gauche conformation compared to the extended aU-trans conformation. Other interesting cases of folding of small molecules in water have been recorded in the literature. The relevance for organic reactivity is exemplified by Diels-Alder reactions in water, which occur with a significantly enhanced endo/exo isomer ratio. ... 

Chemical Formula (NH4)2S203 (ii) Observable Characteristics — Physical State (as normalfy shipped) Solid or solution in water Color Clear, colorless Odor Ammonia (iii) Physical and Chemical Properties — Physical State at IS °C and I am. Solid or liquid Molecular Weight 148.2 Boiling Point at I am. Not pertinent (decomposes) Freezing Point Not pertinent Critical Temperature Not pertinent Critical Pressure Not pertinent Specific Gravity 2 at 20°C (solid) Vapor ((fas) Density Not pertinent Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas) Not pertinent Latent Heat of Vaporization Not pertinent Heat of Combustion Not pertinent Heat of Decomposition Not pertinent (iv) Health Hazards Information — Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Respirator, rubber gloves safety glasses face... 

Van Krevelen et al. (1949) also proposed correlations to calculate the vapor pressures of components in carbon dioxide-ammonia-water and hydrogen suUide-carbon dioxide-ammo-nia-water systems and, in general, results obtained by use of the correlations agree well with experimental data. However, it is important to note that the van Krevelen et al. correlations apply only to anunonla-rich solutions, and are further limited to restricted ranges of acid gas/ammonia ratios and to relatively low temperatures and pressures. 

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