Environment social

To support executives or managers personal adaptation, involving helping them to understand and prosper in a new cultural and social environment. 

The production of welfare approach assumes that the final outcomes of a mental health-care intervention will be influenced ( produced ) by the nature of the services provided, the types, levels and mixes of resources employed, the social environment of the care setting and other non-resource factors. This core theme of the production of welfare model is obviously not built up from economic theory as such, but it is a logical corollary of theory and evidence from psychology, psychiatry and certain other disciplines. However, the formalization of the links between intervention characteristics, resource inputs and patient and family outcomes owes much to economic theories of cost and production relations and their... 

Mateo J.M., Holmes W.G., Bell A.M. and TVimer M. (1994). Sexual maturation in male prairie voles — effects of the social environment. Physiol Behav 56, 299-304. 

Behavioral therapy can be used to treat patients with ADHD however, it is generally not recommended as first-line monotherapy.8 Several studies have demonstrated that treatment with medication alone is superior to behavioral intervention alone in improving attention.12 However, behavioral therapy in combination with stimulant therapy was better at improving oppositional and aggressive behaviors.12 Behavioral modification involves training parents, teachers, and caregivers to change the physical and social environment and establishment... 

Stimulants theoretically exert their effect by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, thus improving academic performance and decreasing motor activity in ADHD patients. Stimulants have been shown to decrease fidgeting and finger tapping, increase on-task classroom behavior and positive interactions at home and in social environments, and ameliorate conduct and anxiety disorders.14... 

It is important to carefully document core ADHD symptoms at baseline to provide a reference point from which to evaluate effectiveness of treatment. Improvement in individualized patient outcomes are desired, such as (1) family and social relationships, (2) disruptive behavior, (3) completing required tasks, (4) self-motivation, (5) appearance, and (6) self-esteem. It is very important to elicit evaluations of the patient s behavior from family, school, and social environments in order to assess the preceding. Using standardized rating scales (e.g., Conners Rating Scales-Revised, Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale, and IOWA Conners Scale) in both children and adults with ADHD helps to minimize variability in evaluation.29 After initiation of therapy, evaluations should be done every 2 to 4 weeks to determine efficacy of treatment, height, weight, pulse, and blood pressure. Physical examination or liver function tests may be used to monitor for adverse effects. 

The results regarding socioeconomic gradients undermines the hypothesis that the principal social class influence on health is material deprivation. In fact, the social class gradient in health cuts deeply into the affluent middle classes. The implication is that the conditions under which people live can affect human health directly, and not only through material deprivation. Early childhood experience, one s place in the social environment, and the experiences of daily life must be powerful determinants of the length and healthfulness of life (Kelly et al., 1997, p. 438). 

In addressing the basic question, then, of why more egalitarian societies tended to be healthier than less egalitarian ones, Wilkinson believes that the most plausible explanations focus on the way that the social environment is affected by inequality. He emphasized cases in which unusually healthy and egalitarian societies provide circumstantial evidence that more egalitarian countries were more socially cohesive than less egalitarian ones. Data observed from several sources have strongly confirmed this pattern (Wilkinson, 1996 Kawachi and Kennedy, 1997). 

In addressing the question of how income inequality is linked to population health, Muntaner and Lynch (1999) identified two strands of causation, thus combining the approaches of Kaplan and Wilkinson. First, they claim that income inequality is associated with a set of social processes and economic policies that systematically under-invest in physical and social infrastructure (e.g. education). Secondly, large disparities in income distribution may have direct consequences on people s perceptions of their relative place in the social environment, which leads to behavioral and cognitive states that influence health. 

There is strong international competition in the area of domestic appliances, partly due to market saturation for many household appliances, as described in Chapter 2. The number of newly built houses and flats, the growing age of the population and the trend towards an increasing number of single households are major influencing factors for buying decisions of domestic appliances. Especially in Europe, it is not only the price that determines buying decisions, but also benefit to customers and their social environment need to be taken into account. Many trends in the technical improvement of household appliances were consumer-driven. In Europe in particular, customers wanted ... 

Medical. 4. Legislation, Medical. 5. Public Policy. 6. Social Environment. QV 38 P53197 2003]... 

Williams, D., "African American Health and the Role of the Social Environment." /. Urban Hlth. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 75, 300-321 (1998). 

One area of research related to abuse or neglect has to do with how well a person fits within his or her social environment. One researcher, Marsha Linehan (1993), has talked about how a poor fit with the social environment (viz., not fitting into the family, school life, or other important social networks) may cause psychiatric problems if the poorness of fit causes the person to feel like an outsider or to feel constandy invalidated or put down. Many of my clients have told me that they have not felt part of their families or that they did not fit well into society in general, or have described themselves as black sheep. Abuse and neglect lead to an invalidating environment, but so can mismatches of personalities within families or mismatches of behavioral patterns with social norms. Furthermore, there is evidence that the way emotion is expressed in families can be associated with a poorness of fit that can influence the course of drug problems. 

Biopsychosocial. A model wherein a drug problem is believed to develop because of an interaction among biology, psychology, and the social environment. 

In humans, studies of hormone and behavior interactions affecting maternal behavior have been limited to correlations between endogenous hormones and a variety of behavioral events normally associated with childbirth. Individual differences, of largely unknown origins, have a major impact on human parental behavior. In addition, child rearing experience is a powerful positive determinant of maternal responsivity, and the social environment, including the presence of supportive companions, can affect subsequent mother-infant interactions (Sosa, et al., 1980). 

Doctor, our apologies for disturbing your solitude and the local social environment here. We can appreciate your wish to be undisturbed in your work. We are anxious to push on to La Chorrera, and we hope that you will help us arrange bearers here to go with us. Also, we are here with a special purpose. I refer to the Virola hallucinogens that you reported to Schultes."... 

Klemmer et al. make the following conclusion Almost all studies reach the conclusion that enviromnent innovations are the result of a more complex than one-dimensional sample of effects, which is formed by both intrinsic motivations and also by state incentives, characterised by numerous feedbacks and is largely dependent on the overall social environment partly dictated by the design of the study, it is demonstrated using the example of selected sectors and/or groups of actors for the one part, and different environment policy problems for the other part, that there is no instrament to be favoured a priori or to be rejected generally and that only the interaction of individual motivations, political action and social enviromnent leads to environmental iimovations (multi-impulse hypothesis) (Klemmer ). 

The scent marking of male feral boar, Sus scrofa, with metacarpal and preputial glands varies with rank and the social environment. The dominant boar marked more often than the subordinate one when paired, but did not mark at all when alone (Mayer and Brisbin, 1986). 

French, J. A., Abbot, D. H., and Snowdon, C. T. (1984). The effect of social environment on estrogen excretion, scent marking, and sociosexual behavior in tamarins Saguinus oedipus). American Journal ofPrimatology 6,155-167. 

Lombardi, J. R. and Vandenbergh, J. G. (1977). Pheromonally induced sexual maturation in females regulation by the social environment of the male. Science 196,545-546. 

The influence of the social environment on sexual maturation in male mice. Jour-... 

The aim of the Code of Practice for the Pharmaceutical Industry is to ensure that the promotion of medicines to members of the health professions and to administrative staff is carried out in a responsible, ethical and professional manner. The Code recognises and seeks to achieve a balance between the needs of patients, industry, health professionals and the general public, bearing in mind the political and social environment within which the industry operates and the statutory controls governing medicines. 

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