Public social environment

However, these results are not applicable to compulsory pubhc insurance, nor to National Health Systems. The most notable differences between drag co-payment in an insurance market and in a National Health System or compulsory public insurance environment lie in their voluntariness or otherwise (users ability to choose their coverage) and the ultimate financing of the services (risk-adjusted premiums as opposed to taxes or social insurance contributions adjusted according to economic capacity). Hence, in compulsory public insurance systems, co-payment regulation is used not only as a health policy instrument but also as one of redistribution of income. 

Medical. 4. Legislation, Medical. 5. Public Policy. 6. Social Environment. QV 38 P53197 2003]... 

The aim of the Code of Practice for the Pharmaceutical Industry is to ensure that the promotion of medicines to members of the health professions and to administrative staff is carried out in a responsible, ethical and professional manner. The Code recognises and seeks to achieve a balance between the needs of patients, industry, health professionals and the general public, bearing in mind the political and social environment within which the industry operates and the statutory controls governing medicines. 

The development of pharmaceutical legislation in Tunisia cannot be disassociated from the scientific, economic and social environments. In fact, since its independence in 1956, Tunisia has chosen national public industries in different sectors including medicinal products. Such a policy was fully justified since Tunisian s primary concern was to provide the local market with a range of basic medicinal products to face the prevailing epidemics (e.g., tuberculosis, typhoid fever and scabies) in addition to usual disccises. 

The sociopolitical consequences of increased commitment to nuclear technologies which represent only 5 percent of world energy, raises questions of democratic decision-making to safeguard the environment and health and safety of the general public (Holdren, 1976). Some ask if it is worth the price. Research on the social and political implications identifies the crucial contrast between vulnerable and nonvulnerable technologies, and between technological waste and social waste. 

For the freshmen and sophomores, the Seminar appears to be the first classroom opportunity to study scientific aspects of a changing global environment in relation to social and humanistic issues and to link these to current public policy discussions reported in the press. Class members have recommended that multidisciplinary global change instruction be made a requirement for all college... 

Following an EAL approach, traditionally regulatory systems originate from the presence of market failure in our specific case, the environment appears as a "public good" that may not be appropriated and has no market price the damage to the environment is a case of "externality," in that it is fully or partly a social cost that is not internalized into the accounts of the parties causing it.2 So the comparison of different instruments can consider how they may play a role in correcting malfunction and subsequent inefficiencies [7]. 

Currently, physicians and patients determine the demand for pharmaceuticals and employers and insurers assume the risk and cost. As the price of new health care technologies escalates, payers will design and implement strategies to share risk and cost. Defined employer contributions, increased patient cost sharing, and benefit exclusions will be used to help control utilization and cost. In this environment, value-based assessments will be crucial to the adoption of any technological innovation. It is reasonable to expect public and private coverage for new therapies if evidence is provided regarding the costs and consequences of treatment. However, social and ethical dilemmas will certainly arise as therapies whose costs exceed their benefits are debated in the public arena. 

While it is vital that the chemical industry itself remains healthy, it is equally important that it contributes in a sustainable way to social and economic developments. This means that the impact of chemicals on the environment and human health has to be minimised. Only this approach will ensure that the chemical industry remains competitive and gains the confidence of the general public and policy-makers. 

European Union (1999) Ministry of Social Affairs, Public Health and the Environment, Belgian Federal Department of the Environment (Rapporteur), 1999. Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate Risk Assessment, Draft of 5.02.99... 

COM (2008) 400 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. Public procurement for a better environment... 

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