Processes social

In addressing the question of how income inequality is linked to population health, Muntaner and Lynch (1999) identified two strands of causation, thus combining the approaches of Kaplan and Wilkinson. First, they claim that income inequality is associated with a set of social processes and economic policies that systematically under-invest in physical and social infrastructure (e.g. education). Secondly, large disparities in income distribution may have direct consequences on people s perceptions of their relative place in the social environment, which leads to behavioral and cognitive states that influence health. 

Consumer concerns about food quality are continually changing. There is an urgent need to understand better the psychological and social processes that shape the demands and preferences for food and to incorporate present and future knowledge of this topic into targeted development of foods and food production systems that fulfil the expectations of different groups of consumers. 

This specific connection of each past period of production with the period following forms the universal and eternal foundation of the social process of reproduction and consists in the fact that in every... 

According the Blau, The basic object of this book is to identify the social processes that influence the development of intellectual competence in black children and white children in order to account for their differences in measured ability in the early years of schooling. The results of my study provide strong evidence that the sources are social, not... 

More forcefully, it might also be suggested that even these enforced choices reflect no real freedom for these practitioners. As some critical materialist philosophers suggest instead, the intentions, plans, and concepts of the future these individuals hold-which are all prerequisite to making choices-might be seen as consequences of social processes rather than as causes. That is, what people want might in and of itself be a product of who they are and the role they play in the society and economy. 

What physical, biological, chemical, and social processes are basic to regulation of the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, water, and other elements both in space and in time ... 

As repeatedly mentioned by many experts, reaching a stable balance between the economic and social processes in any country and in the world as a whole is a complicated problem, the solution of which will call for a complex approach to study the dynamics of the NSS. The authors of the collection of papers edited by Spoor (2004) tried to find a solution to this problem. Analyzing the internal mechanisms of the interaction between present global processes such as globalization, poverty, and conflict, the authors posed and tried to answer the following questions ... 

IPCC (2007) repeats the error of previous IPCC reports by considering the climate change problem separately from global ecodynamics. Ecological, geodynamic, geophysical, economic, and social processes that must be studied as a global... 

Capacity to understand others, empathize Belief that social processes are important Good at external relationship building Belief in sales force... 

The phasing of these two tourist styles depends on the would-be traveller s position in a destination choice process, with the more purposeful and continuing information collection occurring when the choices are becoming more emphatic. Social processes and relationships are heavily implicated in collecting information and guaranteeing its quality. Additionally social dynamics frequently operate to situate the tourist in a travel party where compromise and the promise of mutual fulfilment guide the tourist s choice behaviour. 

While much of this literature maintains a realist position toward the content of scientific knowledge, some work promotes a relativist or social constructionist epistemology through arguments about how scientific facts and theories are influenced by social processes (e.g, Knorr 1977),... 

Barmark, Jan, and Goran Wallen. 1980. The development of an interdisciplinary project. In The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, edited by Karin D. Knorr, Roger Krohn, and Richard Whitley, 221-235. Dordrecht, Boston, and London D. Reidel. 

Whitley, Richard. 1974. Cognitive and social institutionalization of scientific specialties and research areas. In Social Processes of Scientific Development, edited by R. Whitley, 69-95. London Routledge and Keegan Paul. 

Krimsky, S., and Plough, A., Environmental Hazards—Communicating Risks as a Social Process, Auburn House Publishing Company, Medford, MA, 1988. 

Future case studies, it is hoped, will further illuminate the shifting dynamics of source-media relations in the communication of chemical risks and lead to improvements in reporting practices. Further work needs to systematically examine the kinds of discursive strategies that are used by stakeholders in their efforts to frame issues within the news media. In doing so, there is a need to go beyond a media-centred approach to consider the complexities and contingencies of social processes and the wider play of political power. 

It is simply a logical fallacy to go from the observation that science is a social process to the conclusion that the final product, our scientific theories, is what it is because of the social and historical forces acting in... 

Rosin, R. Thomas. 2001. From Garden Suburb to Olde Gity Ward A Longitudinal Study of Social Process and Incremental Architecture in Jaipur, India. journal of Material Culture 6 z) 165-92. 

Scientific research is an important social process. As such, it is based on social contracts as guidelines, and perhaps the most important of these is ethical behavior. Progress in science is based on mutual trust and to achieve this, honesty is a cracial aspect of all scientific activity. 

Coordination is basically a social process, not a legal one Disorganization and reorganization are coiiiiiion in a large group Flexibility and adaptability are basic requirements for a coordinated team... 

Professional socialization is the dynamic process whereby students learn about the professional role and the expectations of performance in that role (Chalmers et al., 1995). As part of the socialization process, individuals learn formal and informal values, attitudes, beliefs, standards of practice, styles of communication, and modes of interaction as they are socialized into becoming health care professionals. They are trained to think and act in certain ways that are consistent with the ways of their profession (Muldary,... 

As part of the socialization process, individuals also develop perspectives on professional identity and the ideologies that underpin the profession (Chalmers et al., 1995). 

Health professionals often experience burnout within two years of beginning their jobs (Muldary, 1983). Moreover, it is frequently the neophyte professional, as opposed to the more experienced professional, who burns out during the first two years. Multiple stressors commonly experienced as part of the professional socialization process can, if left xmchecked, contribute to burnout. All too often, there are discrepancies between what students learn in the somewhat idealistic environments of professional training programs and the day-to-day realities of the working world. Moreover, neophyte professionals are likely to feel stress as they encoxmter new situations or those for which they have not received specific training. New professionals quickly realize how much they do not know and how much they still need to learn. 

Disaster recovery is a social process that encompasses [a) planning for future events, (b) public policy development, and (c) social learning. This mandates the establishment of organizational relationships and intergovernmental linkages—and the processes for collaboration and coordination that enhance recovery efforts. 

The increased utilization of health care services by the elderly is expected to put additional strains on an already besieged health care system. Increasing the life span, either through preventive measures or through other acts of distributive justice, solves some problems while creating others. This astounding paradox will assuredly complicate the political and social processes of decision making. Equally likely will be the burdens these phenomena add to an already overburdened national economy. 

The necessarily simple abstractions of large bureaucratic institutions, as we have seen, can never adequately represent the actual complexity of natural or social processes. The categories that they employ are too coarse, too static, and too stylized to do justice to the world that they purport to describe. 

Hemes, G. Structural change in social processes. American foumat of Socitdogy 83 (>976). 5 3-37-... 

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