Behavioral disruptions

Alleweireldt A.T., Kirschner K.F., Blake C.B., Neisewander J.L. Dl-receptor drugs and cocaineseeking behavior investigation of receptor mediation and behavioral disruption in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 168 109, 2003. 

Trimethyltin-induced behavioral disruptions usually peak 3 to 5 days after exposure, but effects persist for extended periods and seem to be irreversible (Reiter and Ruppert 1984 McMillan and Wenger 1985). Rats sometimes survive the trimethyltin behavior syndrome and appear outwardly normal, although later neuropathological examination shows extensive bilateral damage, including hippocampus shrinkage and cell loss (Aldridge etal. 1981). 

In an attempt to reconcile these results, an additional investigation was carried out. This study utilized a behavioral disruption procedure, in which various doses of LSD were injected into the DRN while rats were bar pressing under a FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement (Fig. 3). As in the DS study, the DRN appeared relatively insensitive to LSD the dose required to disrupt behavior via the DRN route was 20 Mg/kg, whereas the systemic dose was 60 Mg/kg- An analysis of brain distribution data (61) would predict that LSD should have been active at a dose range of about 100 to 200 ng/kg when applied directly into the DRN neither study approached this range. 

As to the nature of the nitrogen substituents, this N,N-dimethyl compound is directly analogous to its 5-methoxy or its 5-hydrogen counterparts. In behavioral disruption studies, it is less potent than either of the simpler compounds, 5-MeO-DMT or DMT. In human studies these latter two chemicals are both active at levels of a few milligrams, and a trial with 5,6-MDO-DMT showed no activity at all at a five milligram trial. More studies are needed, and I am sure that, in time, they will be carried out. 

There is the raw stuff potentially available to answer this question. There are a couple of compounds known with the sulfur in the 4-position, which is the location of the oxygen atom in psilocybin. The 4-thio analogues have been synthesized from 4-methylthio-indole, via the oxalyl chloride method and reaction with the appropriate amine. With dimethylamine, the indoleglyoxylamide was made in a 43% yield and had a mp 163-164 °C. With diisopropylamine, the amide was made in a 27% yield and had a mp 190-192 °C. The final amines were prepared by the reduction of these amides with LAH in THF. N,N-Dimethyl-4-thiotryptamine (4-MeS-DMT) was obtained in a 68% yield and melted at 108-110 °C N,N-diisopropyl-4-methylthiotryptamine (4-MeS-DIPT) was obtained in a 61% yield and melted at 92-94 °C. In animal studies of behavioral disruption with these three compounds, there was systematic drop of potency in going from the 5-MeS-DMT to 4-MeS-DMT to 4-MeS-DIPT. 

That adverse consequences would arise—were it not for the active inhibition of movement—is made dramatically clear by patients who lose their innate ability to block other motor outputs and hence enact their sometimes self-injurious dream scenarios. We will come back to this story when we discuss the tendency of some legally prescribed, consciousness altering drugs to mimic those CNS degenerative diseases that cause this so-called REM sleep behavior disorder. The one motor system whose REM sleep activation results in real, not fictive movement is, of course, the one that moves the eyes rapidly, giving REM its name. There is no need to inhibit this system, because its motor output creates no behavioral disruption of sleep or other adverse consequences for the dreamer. 

The results reported previously using the SPR task as a measure of behavioral performance when scavenger pretreatment was followed by administration of multiple LD50s of soman (Broomfield et al., 1991 Castro et al., 1994 Maxwell et al., 1992) can be compared with similar studies using conventional therapy. One such example (Castro et al., 1991) used the SPR task to assess the extent of behavioral disruption in rhesus monkeys following soman exposure. The animals received... 

Addiction to heroin or other short-acting opioids produces behavioral disruptions and usually becomes incompatible with a productive life. There is a significant risk for opioid abuse and dependence among physicians and other health care workers who have access to potent opioids, thus tempting them toward unsupervised experimentation. 

Buffer would be, in fact, a much better term for a biological control strategy because the objective is rarely the active eradication of a pest species or spectrum by application of a toxic compound, but rather the intent is to cushion the impact of a biological proliferation, i.e. the target pest population, and tip it towards economically acceptable, or threshold levels. Neither pathogens, behavioral disruptions nor induced predators will bring about the eradication of a pest species. They only serve to keep populations at levels compatible with local horticultural practices. Does that make them pesticides Yes, if we want to call them that. No, if we find it more advantageous not to. 

Neurological (courtship behavior disruption, altered metabolic rate, abnormal sexual differentiation in the brain, impaired/delayed intelligence, teratogenicity of the central nervous system)... 

Modulation of olfactory and gustatory inputs to the brain leads to behavioral disruption. 

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