Parental behavior

Research based on the ethological tradition also can be placed within the emotions model framework, suggesting new avenues of research. There has been a great deal of research on infantile releasers of parental behavior—the infant schema, infant vocalizations,... 

In humans, studies of hormone and behavior interactions affecting maternal behavior have been limited to correlations between endogenous hormones and a variety of behavioral events normally associated with childbirth. Individual differences, of largely unknown origins, have a major impact on human parental behavior. In addition, child rearing experience is a powerful positive determinant of maternal responsivity, and the social environment, including the presence of supportive companions, can affect subsequent mother-infant interactions (Sosa, et al., 1980). 

Positive social behaviors, including gregariousness and the formation of social bonds, are less frequently studied than reproductive and agonistic behaviors, but are critical for primate reproduction. Agonistic behavioral traits associated with androgen exposure may be in conflict with social behaviors needed for courtship, the formation of social bonds and subsequent parental behavior. Higher levels of male sociality are probably nec-... 

Bridges, R. S. 1990. Endocrine regulation of parental behavior in rodents. In Mammalian Parenting. N. A. Karsnegor and R. S. Bridges. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 93-117. 

There are a number of uncontrolled studies that indicate that clonidine may be effective in reducing aggression (Comings et al., 1990 Kemph et al., 1993 Schvehla et al., 1994). Transdermal clonidine decreased hyperarousal in nine children with autism in an uncontrolled study (Frankhauser et al., 1982). In a doubleblind study of eight FDD children with ADHD-like symptoms, Jaselski et al. (1992) reported that clonidine had nonsignificant overall effects compared to placebo, however, some of the ratings of aberrant (by teacher) and oppositional (by parent) behavior decreased. 

A mixture of parental spores and mutant spores shows parental behavior, so that the mixture is delayed in outgrowth. This indicates that some of the GS externally bound to parental spores is released into the medium. This release could act as a method of communication by which a spore detects crowded conditions. 

Accidental poisonings may also warrant social services referral. Occasionally children get into stimulants or other abused drugs that are left around the home. Repeated ingestions suggest overly casual or negligent parental behavior. 

Asa, C. S., 1997, Hormonal and experiential factors in the expression of social and parental behavior in canids, in Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, N. G. Solomon, and J. A. French, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 129-149. 

Dietrich, J. and B. Kracke. 2009. Career specific parental behaviors in adolescents development. Journal of Vocational Behavior 7S(2) 109-119. 

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