Preputial gland

Reductive amination of AT-succinyl chitosan and lactose using sodium cyanoborohydride in a phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) for 6 days was suitable for the preparation of lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan (Fig. 3). Over 10% of dose/g-tissue was distributed to the prostate and lymph nodes at 48 h postadministration in both chitosan and lactosaminated N-succinyl chitosan. The labeled lactosaminated M-succinyl chitosan was easily distributed into not only the liver but also prostate, intestine, preputial gland and lymph nodes [153]. 

Boar preputial glands also contain some active compounds not related to the major Pheromaxein component. 

Brouette-Lahlou I., Godinot F. and Vemet Maury E. (1999). The mother rat s vomeronasal organ is involved in detection of dodecyl propionate, the pup s preputial gland pheromone. Physiol Behav 66, 427-436. 

Ma W., Miao Z. and Novotny M.V. (1999). Induction of estrus in grouped female mice (Mus domesticus) by synthetic analogues of preputial gland constituents. Chem Senses 23, 289-293. 

Marchlewska-Koj A., Pochron E. and Slilwowska, A. (1990). Salivary glands and preputial glands of mice as a source of estrus-stimulating pheromone in female mice. J Chem Ecol 16, 2817-2822. 

Welsh C.J., Moore R.E., Bartlett R.J. and Jackson, L.L. (1988). Novel species-typical esters from preputial glands of sympatric voles. J Chem Ecol 14, 143-158. 

Haderian gland Preputial gland [Multiple organ sites]... 

Nares Clitoral/preputial gland Zymhal s gland... 

FIGURE 6.2 Structure of dodecyl propionate, found in the preputial gland of rat pups. 

The scent marking of male feral boar, Sus scrofa, with metacarpal and preputial glands varies with rank and the social environment. The dominant boar marked more often than the subordinate one when paired, but did not mark at all when alone (Mayer and Brisbin, 1986). 

The concentrations of 16 constituents of male mouse urine vary with the male s dominance status. Dihydrofurans, ketones, and acetates decreased in subordinates. Two sesquiterpene compounds, a- and /3-farnesene, are elevated in dominants urine 1 week after establishing dominance. The bladder or voided urine of dominants contains more 2-5ec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. Four compounds depend on hormones a- and /5-farnesene, dehydro-exo-brevicomin, and 2-5cc -butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole. The latter two are absent in urine of immature or castrated males, and testosterone treatment restores their presence. In addition, a-and /3-farnesene do not occur in urine of immature males and are merely reduced in urine of castrates. They are not found in bladder urine and originate in the preputial glands (Harvey etal., 1989). While subordinate male mice have reduced levels of farnesenes, levels of their major urinary proteins remain high (Malone etal, 2001). 

Brouette-Lahlou, I., Amouroux, R., Chastrette, F., et al. (1991). Dodecyl propionate, attractant from rat preputial gland characterization and identification. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17,1343-1345. 

Ninomiya, K. and Kimura, T. (1986). Preference of female mice for odors from urine and preputial gland secretion of males. Zoological Scietue 3,1103. 

A 2-year gavage study at 250 and 500 mg/ kg demonstrated a dose-related statistically significant excess of tubular cell adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the kidney in male rats, a number of preputial gland tumors in dosed male rats, and a probable increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in high-dose male... 

CELs) in rats due to oral exposure to isophorone. Based on the combined incidences of renal tubular cell tumors and preputial gland tumors, EPA (1986, 1987b) proposed an oral q i of 4.1 x 10 (mg/kg/day) for isophorone, but this analysis is under review by the EPA. 

Male rats treated with isophorone in the NTP (1986) study also had preputial gland carcinomas, an extremely rare finding. Analogous tissues in humans are modified sebaceous glands in the prepuce (foreskin of the penis), but it is not known whether isophorone could cause tumors in these glands or other glandular tissues in humans. 

Clitoral or preputial gland Haemorrhagic cysts or angiomas... 

The known sources which most closely approach the female-rat preputial gland in activity are the digestive juices of molluscs and of locusts. As shown for the rumen of the sheep,100 the contents of the mammalian large intestine probably owe most of their /8-glucuronidase activity to microbes, whilst in the small intestine the enzyme is probably mammalian in origin.40... 

---