Social environment effects

Mateo J.M., Holmes W.G., Bell A.M. and TVimer M. (1994). Sexual maturation in male prairie voles — effects of the social environment. Physiol Behav 56, 299-304. 

Stimulants theoretically exert their effect by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, thus improving academic performance and decreasing motor activity in ADHD patients. Stimulants have been shown to decrease fidgeting and finger tapping, increase on-task classroom behavior and positive interactions at home and in social environments, and ameliorate conduct and anxiety disorders.14... 

It is important to carefully document core ADHD symptoms at baseline to provide a reference point from which to evaluate effectiveness of treatment. Improvement in individualized patient outcomes are desired, such as (1) family and social relationships, (2) disruptive behavior, (3) completing required tasks, (4) self-motivation, (5) appearance, and (6) self-esteem. It is very important to elicit evaluations of the patient s behavior from family, school, and social environments in order to assess the preceding. Using standardized rating scales (e.g., Conners Rating Scales-Revised, Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale, and IOWA Conners Scale) in both children and adults with ADHD helps to minimize variability in evaluation.29 After initiation of therapy, evaluations should be done every 2 to 4 weeks to determine efficacy of treatment, height, weight, pulse, and blood pressure. Physical examination or liver function tests may be used to monitor for adverse effects. 

Klemmer et al. make the following conclusion Almost all studies reach the conclusion that enviromnent innovations are the result of a more complex than one-dimensional sample of effects, which is formed by both intrinsic motivations and also by state incentives, characterised by numerous feedbacks and is largely dependent on the overall social environment partly dictated by the design of the study, it is demonstrated using the example of selected sectors and/or groups of actors for the one part, and different environment policy problems for the other part, that there is no instrament to be favoured a priori or to be rejected generally and that only the interaction of individual motivations, political action and social enviromnent leads to environmental iimovations (multi-impulse hypothesis) (Klemmer ). 

French, J. A., Abbot, D. H., and Snowdon, C. T. (1984). The effect of social environment on estrogen excretion, scent marking, and sociosexual behavior in tamarins Saguinus oedipus). American Journal ofPrimatology 6,155-167. 

Discussions on the clinical pharmacological profiles of medicines and therapeutic options that are eurrently available based on the best scientific evidence, will be incomplete without looking into the existing health care systems and the social environment. Specifically, whether the health system can ensure the accessibility to and affordability of the needed medicines, ensure the quality of medicines in the market, and ensure the effective and safe use of those medicines ... 

Marmot MG Improvement of social environment to improve health. Lancet 1998 351 57-60. Greenland S, Morgenstern H Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification. Int J Epidemiol 1989 18 269-274. 

The third set of variables lies in the postnatal environment. These include the physical environment (outdoors and in) and the social environment (family, peers, neighborhood, socioeconomic status, education, culture, and so on). Many of these variables affect the development of emotions, learning, language skills, and the processing of information by the brain—and can also affect gene expression via stress, infection, malnutrition, and toxins in air (for example, lead), water (for example, arsenic), and food (for example, mercury). Those effects that occur during early development can be extremely critical. 

TABLE 10 Potential Effects of Computer Technologies on the Social Environment... 

In an excellent treatise. The Biology of Human Starvation (Keys et al., 1950), it is suggested that perhaps half of mankind suffers from chronic undernourishment. To reach a true understanding of the effects of chronically low food intake on the members of this half of humanity, they themselves must be studied in their normal life situation, in their own mental and social environment, and while under the multiple stress factors to which they are subjected. It may be that the observations here reported approach this objective since they have been made on subjects suffering not from acute starvation but from true chronic malnutrition, and taken from their normal habitat only when their undernourishment was accentuated, or when the clinical manifestations of this undernourishment became evident for one reason or another. 

French, J.A., D.A. Abbott, and C.T. Snowdon The Effect of Social Environment on Estrogen Excretion, Scent Marking, and Sociosexual Behavior in Tamarins Saguinus fuscicolis). Amer. J. Primatol. 6, 155-167 (1984). 

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