Government control

Local government control, nationali2ation, and pohtical unrest also can cause shortages, and business manipulations to alter prices and supply are common. 

Sandalwood Oil, East Indian. The use of sandalwood oil for its perfumery value is ancient, probably extending back some 4000 years. Oil from the powdered wood and roots of the tree Santalum album L. is produced primarily in India, under government control. Good quaUty oil is a pale yellow to yellow viscous Hquid characterized by an extremely soft, sweet—woody, almost ariimal—balsarnic odor. The extreme tenacity of the aroma makes it an ideal blender—fixative for woody-Oriental—floral fragrance bases. It also finds extensive use for the codistillation of other essential oils, such as rose, especially in India. There the so-called attars are made with sandalwood oil distilled over the flowers or by distillation of these flowers into sandalwood oil. The principal constituents of sandalwood oil are shown in Table 11 (37) and Figure 2. 

Sweden. In Sweden strict regulations of beverage consumption are more or less similar to those in Norway. Retail sales of normal beers (ale 4.3 vol %) and spirits are possible through government controlled stores (Systembolaget AB) only. The per capita consumption of beer was 51.4 L in 1987. 

Effects of Differential Inflation Inflation can be general or differential. In the first case, all costs and prices increase at a uniform rate. In the second, government controls and other factors cause the various costs and prices to inflate at different rates. 

As the size of markets have increased and the optimal size of electricity generation units have decreased more electricity markets are being privatized and restructured to allow more competition into the markets and less government control over pricing. 

Government concern about the adulteration and misbranding of pharmaceutical products extends back to ancient times.Pliny the Elder, for example, in the first century ad, criticised the fashionable druggists shops which spoil everything with fraudulent adulterations. As a result, various forms of government control to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of... 

Before the twentieth century, most government controls were concerned not with drugs but with impure and adulterated foods. Medicines were thought to pose problems similar to those presented by foods. Efficacy was questioned in two respects adulteration of active medicines by addition of inert fillers and false claims made for the so-called patent (secret) medicines or nostrums. Indeed, much of the development of the science of pharmacy in the nineteenth century was standardizing and improving prescription drugs. 

Both Australia and Malaysia have, so far, remained free of government controls on monazite production and export, unlike India and Brazil. Hence, all the monazite produced is exported, mainly to the U.S.A., France, and the UK. 

Santerre, Rexford E., John A. Vernon, and Carmelo Giacotto. The Impact of Indirect Government Controls on U.S. Drug Prices and R D. Cato... 

External benchmarking Governance controls Regulatory infringement reporting... 

Attempts could be made to systematically evaluate the social benefits of linking cost-effectiveness analysis not only with reference pricing, but government controls over industry-level profit and promotional expenditure, price-volume agreements, and competitive tendering. 

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