Salmonella testing mutation test

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Adams JE. 1978. Mutagenicity of some environmental chemicals in salmonella test systems without microsomal activation. Mutat Res 53 142-143. 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

De Flora S, Camoirano A, Zanacchi P, et al. 1984. Mutagenicity testing with TA97 and TA102 of 30 DNA-damaging compounds, negative with other Salmonella strains. Mutat Res 134 159-165. 

CHT has not been tested thoroughly for mutagenicity. On the basis of unpublished studies conducted by Edgewood, it has been suggested that CHT is nonmutagenlc in the Salmonella reverse-mutation test,H the micronucleus test in mice,H and a dominant-lethal test in rats.6 Limitations in the available data base, however, make it impossible to reach clear conclusions regarding the genotoxi-city of CHT. 

The Salmonella reverse-mutation test reported for CHT does not seem to have been an adequate negative test. In strains TA1538 and TA100 with metabolic activation, the range of dosages was too... 

Ichinotsubo, D., Mower, H. Mandel, M. (1981b) Mutagen testing of a series of paired compounds with the Ames Salmonella testing system (University of Hawaii at Manoa). In de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds. Progress in Mutation Research, Vol. L Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program, Amsterdam, Elsevier/North-Holland, pp. 298-301... 

Trueman, R.W. (1981) Activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella reverse mutation test... 

Ladner, A. (1982) 4-Chloromethylbiphenyl (4CMB), benzyl chloride (BC) and 4-hydroxy-methylbiphenyl (4HMB) reverse mutation tests with Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res., 100, 27-31... 

Ariza, R.R., Dorado, G, Barbancho, M. Pueyo, C. (1988) Study of the causes of direct-acting mutagenicity in coffee and tea using the Ara test in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res., 201, 89-96... 

One system uses mouse lymphoma cells and detects mutations that cause deficiency of thymidine kinase (TK). Another uses Chinese hamster cells and detects mutations in the gene that produces hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). Both tests cure efficient, are widely applied, and can be completed in a few weeks. Although not as simple, rapid, and efficient as the Salmonella tests, they have the advantage of being done in a eukaryote. Mammalian-cell cultures cure also used to test for chromosomal mutation. 

Using the Ames Salmonella test, prometryn was not mutagenic when tested up to the cytotoxic solubility limits. Prometryn was negative for bacterial DNA repair and gene mutation in an unscheduled DNA synthesis test using rat hepatocytes. 

Ames Salmonella testing system. In Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens Report of the international collaborative program. Prog Mutat Res 1 298-301. 

Bacterial mutagenicity Ames Salmonella) test Gene mutations 471 870.5100... 

Figure 10.1. Correlation data for the sensitivity and specificity for single in vitro genotoxicity assays and assay combinations. Ames, Salmonella reverse mutation test introduced by B. Ames MLA, tk assay using the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line Cab, chromosome aberration test with different mammalian cell types MN, in vitro micronucleus assay with different mammalian cell types. [Data according to Kirkland et al. (2005a).]...

Other jet fuels and related middle distillate fractions (MDFs) have been tested in bacteria and in vitro mammalian cell assays. As summarized by IARC (1989), jet fuel A and JP-5 were not mutagenic in Salmonella reverse-mutation assays. Neither was MD API 81-07, a hydrodesulfurized kerosene sample (Pennzoil 1988, as reviewed by Skisak 1991). 

McGregor DB, Cruzan G, Callander RD, May K, Banton M (2005) The mutagenicity testing of tertiary-butyl alcohol, tertiary-butyl acetate, and methyl tertiary-butyl ether in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 565 181-189... 

Validation of the Mutatox test system has been und way for ova 3 years and several comparative studies have been published [51-54]. Two types of studies have been undolaken. Pure compound studies have been performed to establish a database of sensitivity using an accepted list of compounds wiA known genotoxic activity. These lest data were compared with the commonly used Salmonella reverse mutation assay developed by Ames [55] as well as carcinogenicity scores (Table 14.1). 

Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) Looks for back mutation to autotrophy (independence from exogenously supplied histidine) of cultured mutant Salmonella (auxotroph, deficient in histidine biosynthesis and thus dependent on exogenous supply of this amino acid) after exposure to the test substance Calf thymus oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is measured as a marker of oxidative DNA damage caused by test substance... 

Martire G, Vricella G, Perfume Am, et al. 1981. Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of coded compounds in the Salmonella test. In deSerres FJ, Ashby J, eds. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens Report of the International Collaborative Program. Prog Mutat Res 1 271-279. 

Goggelmann, W., and O. Schimmer. 1983. Mutagenicity testing of beta-asarone and commercial calamus dmgs with Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 121(3-4) 191-194. 

Genotoxicity tests were performed with senna fruit, senna leaf extract, sennosides, rhein, and aloe-emodin. Senna fruit, sennosides, and rhein did not increase mutation frequencies in the following test systems bacterial systems, mammalian cell culture tests, mouse lymphoma test, chromosome aberration test with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, bone marrow micronucleus test, chromosome aberration tests, and melanoblast cell test. With aloe-emodin, mutagenic effects were observed only in vitro in the chromosome aberration test with CHO cells and in the Salmonella reverse mutation test. In the in vitro gene mutation test with V79 cells, no mutagenic potential of aloe-emodin was observed. In vivo studies indicated no mutagenic activity of aloe-emodin, and aloe-emodin did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in an ex vivo assay performed with hepato-cytes of male rats (Heidemann et al. 1993). 

Wright, A. and Lindroth, A. (1978). The lack of mutagenic properties of patulln and patulln adducts formed with cysteine In Salmonella test system. Mutation Res.. 58, 211-215. 

Literature reports iadicate that sodium sorbate causes weak genotoxic effects such as chromosomal aberrations and mutations ia mammalian cells (172,173). This effect is thought to be caused by oxidative products of sodium sorbate ia stored solutions (173—175). The main oxidation product of sodium sorbate, 4,5-oxohexenoate, is mutagenic ia a Salmonella mammahan-microsome test (176). Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate were not genotoxic under the same test procedures (167,172,174—177). 

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