Salmonella test

Adams JE. 1978. Mutagenicity of some environmental chemicals in salmonella test systems without microsomal activation. Mutat Res 53 142-143. 

Pednekar MD, Gandhi SR, Netrawali MS. 1987. Evaluation of mutagenic activities of endosulfan, phosalone, malathion, and permethrin, before and after metabolic activation, in the Ames Salmonella test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38 925-933. 

Schrader T J, Cherry W, Soper K, Langlois I and Vijay H M (2001), Examination of Altemaria altemata mutagenicity and effects of nitrosylation using the Ames Salmonella Test , Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 21, 261-274. 

Deacylation may also be important in the carcinogenicity of arylamides. Phenacetin was found to exhibit higher mutagenicity in the Salmonella test system when incubated with hamster liver microsomes than with rat liver mi-crosomes. The metabolism of phenacetin in microsomal fractions revealed no significant species difference in /V-hydroxylalion, but rates of deacylation were much higher in rats than in hamsters. The species difference in mutagenicity observed may, therefore, be attributed to the differences in deacylat-ing activity between rat and hamster liver microsomes [96]. 

The Salmonella test is currently detecting about 90% of organic carcinogens as mutagens. A number of important carcinogens are not detected however, particularly many heavily chlorinated chemicals.(5,6) We hope that with further improvements in... 

One of the most striking findings to come from testing a large number of chemicals in the Salmonella test is that we have found over a millionfold range of mutagenic potency of carcinogens in the test. This is illustrated in Table I. 

In monitoring and evaluating the hazards of toxic substances, impurities are an area of concern. Industrial chemicals are likely to be a major source of mutagenic impurities. The Salmonella test can be used in the design of industrial syntheses and as a batch process monitor to minimize the introduction of mutagenic impurities. 

We have been interested in analysis of mutagens in urine, (19-21) as have other groups. (22,23) The analysis of the mutagenicity of urine is complicated by several technical problems. Urinary metabolites are usually present in low concentrations and relatively little urine can be added directly to the Salmonella test system because urinary histidine interferes in the test. In addition, urine contains a variety of conju-... 

The sensitivity of the Salmonella test may make it particularly useful for detecting chemicals that have weak carcinogenic activity and that would be difficult to identify in animal tests because of statistical limitations. 

Ichinotsubo, D., Mower, H. Mandel, M. (1981) Mutagen testing of a series of paired compounds with the Ames Salmonella testing system. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby, J., eds,... 

Kurelec, B., Matijasevic, Z., Rijavec, M., Alacevic, M., Britvid, S., Muller, W.E.G., and Zahn, R.K. (1979). Induction of benzo[alpyrene monooxygenase in fish and the Salmonella test as a tool for detecting-mutagenic/carcinogenic xenobiotics in the aquatic environment, Bull Environ. Contam. Ibxicol. 21, 799. 

In February 1980, urine samples were obtained from nine workers for mutagenicity testing by the Ames Salmonella test... 

Galli, A. Schiestl, R.H. (1995) Salmonella test positive and negative carcinogens show different effects on intrachromosomal recombination in G2 cell cycle arrested yeast cells. Carcinogenesis, 16, 659-663... 

One system uses mouse lymphoma cells and detects mutations that cause deficiency of thymidine kinase (TK). Another uses Chinese hamster cells and detects mutations in the gene that produces hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). Both tests cure efficient, are widely applied, and can be completed in a few weeks. Although not as simple, rapid, and efficient as the Salmonella tests, they have the advantage of being done in a eukaryote. Mammalian-cell cultures cure also used to test for chromosomal mutation. 

Ames Salmonella tests for genotoxicity have not demonstrated mutagenic effects. However, use of brodifacoum concentrations of 50gmH in cultures of human lymphocytes did show mitotic activity, but no chromosomal aberrations. 

Genotoxicity studies (micronucleus tests for chromosome aberrations) in mammalian polychromatic erythrocytes and nonhuman mammalian cell culture were positive. Ames Salmonella tests for mutagenicity have been negative. 

No mutagenic activity was demonstrated in Ames Salmonella tests of ethylene glycol. 

Methoprene is not genotoxic based on negative results in the Ames Salmonella test, several other genotoxicity assays, and a dominant lethal study in rats. 

Mutagenicity studies in Syrian hamster embryos have been positive but Ames Salmonella tests have been negative. 

Studies of sister chromatid exchange have been positive, Ames Salmonella tests have been negative, mouse lymphoma tests have been negative, and Chinese hamster ovary assays have been negative for mutagenicity. 

Using the Ames Salmonella test, prometryn was not mutagenic when tested up to the cytotoxic solubility limits. Prometryn was negative for bacterial DNA repair and gene mutation in an unscheduled DNA synthesis test using rat hepatocytes. 

PEGS was not mutagenic in Salmonella tests. PEGS also did not induce chromosomal aberrations in... 

Ames Salmonella testing system. In Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens Report of the international collaborative program. Prog Mutat Res 1 298-301. 

The Salmonella test is extensively used to help evaluate the mutagenic and carcinogenic risks of a large number of chemicals. T his rapid and inexpensive bacterial assay for mutagenicity complements epidemiological surveys and animal tests that are necessarily slower, more laborious, and far more expensive. The Salmonella test for mutagenicity is an outgrowth of... 

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