International collaboration

The Committee noted some of the activities of the United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) related to pharmaceuticals. These include qualification of suppliers, specifications for products, contracts with suppliers and the management of warehouses. It was noted that UNICEF uses the WHO lists of prequalified products and manufacturers in the procurement of HIV/ AIDS products and vaccines. Due to the lack of prequalified antimalarial products, an interim assessment process was used. Another problem identified was that some products included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines were not available on the market. 

It was noted that the World Bank was actively involved in capacity building of quality control laboratories especially in Africa. The Committee en- 

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For a detailed discussion of pulsed neutron sources, see J. D. Jorgensen andj. Faber. ICANS-II, Proceeding of the Sixth International Collaboration... 

To emphasize that the initiative came from the scientists and technical experts themselves and from those with a direct interest in furthering international collaboration, the founding fathers of COST opted for a flexible and pragmatic approach. CO.ST activities have in the past paved the way for community activities, and its flexibility allows COST actions to be used as a testing and exploratory field for emerging topics. 

Over the last thirty years, international collaboration and cooperation on a scale rarely witnessed in science has led to the development of several very sophisticated software packages for ab initio molecular electronic structure calculations. In the early days, such packages were freely distributed amongst workers in the field. Today, you buy executable code, a licence and professional documentation just as with any software package. 

Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft, the Verband der Chemischen Industrie, the European Community (LENS facility) and the NATO (grants for international collaboration in research). 

Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Tran PV (1997). Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders results of an international collaborative trial. Am J Psychiatry 154, 457-65. 

International collaboration in dmg regulation has led to the creation of international instruments to facilitate cross-border dmg control, particularly for narcotics. All the 10 countries in this study have signed a number of international conventions. The most commonly endorsed of these conventions relate to narcotic dmgs and psychotropic substances, and illicit trafficking. 

However, the establishment of a new endotoxin standard by the World Health Organization is a recent example of successful international collaboration between the World Health Organization, the United Stated Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia (Poole et al. 1997). Thus this standard is available from any of these organizations to be employed as a reference in the harmonized Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test. 

Poole S, Dawson P and Gaines RE (1997) Second international standard for endotoxin calibration in an international collaborative study. J. Endotoxin Res. 4 221-231. 

As Director of the Division of Chemistry at the National Science Foundation, Hancock pioneered many new initiatives, especially those that encouraged interdisciplinary and international collaborations. He had an expansive view of chemistry as a science and urged chemists to pursue imaginative research on the discipline s traditional boundaries that would expand chemistry s frontiers. In materials chemistry, he saw a vital and growing area to which chemists could make important contributions. Under his leadership, the Division s support for research in materials chemistry grew to over 20 million in 1993. 

Table 15.1 Development of an international collaborative ethno-psychopharmacology research program...

Creation of a new understanding how to make TES happen is crucial, hence the introduction of the correct economic and environmental instrument is the single most important factor controlling the sustainable growth of renewable technology, hence effective international collaboration and awareness have an increasingly important role. 

The result of this effort was an ATW roadmap released by DOE just this week. It concluded that ATW would require a six-year, 281 million R D effort for open technical issues. ATW could complement geologic disposal, and any decision to pursue ATW would follow evaluation of technical, costs, and nonproliferation issues. Whether or not this effort leads to any ATW international collaboration, we are eager to expand international collaboration on nuclear waste issues in general. 

International collaborations will also add tremendous value to our research and development efforts. Indeed, another activity in progress right now is a look (by NER4C) at our future infrastructure needs to support the domestic and international nuclear establishment. We would be happy to discuss our findings in an international context. 

Because of the high demand for research into all non-carbon energy sources, international collaboration may well become essential. 

In April 2001, tasks related to the promotion of information exchange and international collaborations were assigned by the Petroleum Energy Center (PEC) to the JCCP. During the last few years, JCCP has continued to promote cooperation and collaboration among the research community interested in oil-related activities including the private companies. Now, JCCP functions under the auspices of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. 

The third paper in this chapter is a product of successful international collaboration, which came into being through assistance of... 

MARE [32-38], Neutrino oscillation experiments have proved that neutrinos are massive particles, but cannot determine their absolute mass scale. Therefore, the neutrino mass is still an open question in elementary particle physics. An international collaboration is growing around the project of microcalorimeter arrays for a rhenium experiment (MARE) for directly measuring the neutrino mass with a sensitivity of about 0.2eV/c1 2 4. 

The work has been supported by EU 5 Framework Programme projects (QLK5-1999-01267, QLK3-2000-01528, QLK3-2001-01676) and by domestic sources (OTKA, FKFP, OMFB, OM KFHAT). International collaboration within the EU network COST Action 841 is greatly appreciated. 

Anonymous, Report of validation study of assessment of direct immunotoxicity in the rat. The ICICIS Group Investigators. International Collaborative Immunotoxicity Study, Toxicology, 125, 183, 1998. 

Loveless, S.E. et al., Further evaluation of the local lymph node assay in the final phase of an international collaborative trial, Toxicology, 108, 141, 1996. 

Each decomposition divides the job into a set of constituents, each with a specification that can be fulfilled separately. The same principles can be applied recursively to its design. Thus, you can specify an entire application as a type and then decompose it into internal collaborating components. If the components are of a nontrivial size, recursively model and specify each of them as a type. 

These factors help to identify the general types of environmental conflicts. According to this typology of environmental conflicts, there is a large potential for local, regional and international collaboration in the various policy arenas in order to establish the coherent mechanisms to environmental conflict. 

Kada, T. (1981). The DNA damaging activity of 42 coded compounds in the Rec-assay. In Evaluation of Short-term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program (de Serres F. and Ashby J., Eds.). Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 175— 182. 

Loveless, S.E., Ladies, G.S., Greherick, G.F., Ryan, C.A., Basketter, D.A., Scholes, E.W., House, R.V, Hilton, J., Dearman, R.J. and Kimber I. (1996). Further evaluation of the local lymph node assay in the final phase of the international collaborative trial. Toxicology 108 141-152. 

Terao T. 1988. [International collaboration in studying immunotoxicity of chemicals.] Bull Natl Inst Hyg Sci (Tokyo) 0(106) 1-10. (Japanese)... 

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