Aloe-emodin

Ca.sca.ra. Sagrada. Cascara sagrada, also known as sacred bark, chitten, dogwood, coffeeberry, bearberry, bitter bark, and bearwood, is the dried bark of Jdamnus Purshiana DeCandoUe. It is ia the form of browa, purpHsh browa, or brownish red flattened or transversely curved pieces, 1- to 5-mm thick, and has a characteristic odor and bitter taste. It should be collected at least one year prior to use. The active constituents are aloe-emodin... 

Anthraquinone glycosides and their aglycones [2, 4-8] e.g. chrysophanol, emodin, aloe emodin, rhein [9-12] physcione [9, 11, 12], alizarin [10]... 

Figure 5.13 GALDI mass spectrum of aloe resin (from THF solution). The two doublets correspond to mono and diglucosides of aloe emodin and their oxidation and reduction products, respectively (see Table 5.5)...

Stephania dinklagei A-methyllirio dendronine 2-O-A-dimethyl liriodendronine Dicentrinone Cory dine Aloe-emodin... 

Akuammicine 81, 82, 200 Akuammidine 16 Albertidine 103 Albine 34, 100 Alcuronium 38 Alginate 203 Alioline 16, 38 AUcaloid-C 150 Allocryptopine 22 Aloe-emodin 35, 45 Aloperine 103 Alstomacroline 16, 37 Alstomacrophyline 37 Alstonerine 16, 37 Alstophyline 37 Alstoumerine 16, 37 Amabiline 52... 

Aloe barbadensis Miller var. chinensis Berger A. vera L. Lu Wen (Aloe) (aerial part) Aloins, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, polysaccharides 49,50,403,450,510 Laxative, stomachic, emmenagogue. 

Cassia alata L. Dui Ye Dou (Ringworm bush) (whole plant) Fatty acids, aloe-emodin, rhein chrysarobin, chrysophanic acid, oxymethyl anthraquinone, rutin, isochaksine, quercetin.48-450-510 Improve night vision, migraines, astringent, purgative. 

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Fan Xie Ye (leaflet) Sennosides, aloe-emodin, dianthrone glucoside, rhein monoglucoside, rhein, kaempferin, myricyl alcohol, anthraquinone derivative.33-510 Purgative, laxative, cathartic. 

Rhamnus davurica Pall. R. davurica Pall. var. nipponica Makino R. parvifolia Bunge. Shu Li (Buckthorn) (fruit, root, stem bark) Emodin, chrysophanol, kaempferol, rhamnodiastase, aloe-emodin.48,308 This herb is slightly toxic. Insecticidal, treat respiratory infection, cough, improve bowel movement. 

Rheum officinale Baill. R. koreanum Nakai R. palmatum L. R. tanguticum Maxim R. undulatum L. Tai Huang (Rhubarb) (rhizome) Anthraquinones, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophenol, rheum tannic acid, gallic acid, calechin, bianthraquinonyl, sennosides (R. undulatum also contains rhaponticin).1 33 236,510 This herb may be toxic. Potent laxative, antibacterial, anthelmintic, anticancer, stimulate the large intestine and increase the movement of luminal contents toward the anus, resulting in defecation. Antispasmodic, choleretic, hemostatic, diuretic, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol level. 

N.A. Anthraquinone, beta-sitosterol, rhein, dianthrone glucosides, sennosides A, B, naphthalene glycosides, aloe-emodin, mucilage.99 100 510 511 Laxative, stimulant, anticancer, cathartic. 

One hydroxyl is missing, and a new hydroxyl has been incorporated adjacent to the methyl. Without any evidence for the sequence of such reactions, the structure of intermediate 2 shows the result of three aldol condensations and reduction of a carbonyl. A dehydration reaction, two oxidations, and a decarboxylation are necessary to attain the islandicin structure. In chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, and rhein, the same oxygen function is lost by reduction as in islandicin, and decarboxylation also occurs. The three compounds... 

R = C02H, rhein anthrone R = CH2OH, aloe-emodin anthrone... 

Aloe s most important ingredients — aloin, barbaloin, and aloe-emodin — are responsible for its cathartic action (see Chapter 12). 

Aloe-emodin, found in cascara sagrada, is being researched as a possible treatment for leukemia. This herb, which has had a place in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia since 1890, is one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world. It is included in many over-the-counter laxatives and is prescribed more than 2.5 million times a year. The bark must be dried for up to 1 year before it can be used officially as a laxative. 

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