In vitro testing for gene mutation

IN VITRO TESTS FOR GENE MUTATION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS ... 

A test for gene mutation in bacteria Gene Bacterial In vitro... 

Under Guideline S2B, the following standard test battery is recommended (1) a test for gene mutation in bacteria, (2) an in vitro test with cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal damage with mammalian cells or an in vitro mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase (TK) assay, and (3) an in vivo test for chromosomal damage using rodent hematopoietic cells. 

A test for gene mutations in bacteria An in vitro cytogenetic test in mammalian cells or in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay... 

Tests for gene mutations have been mixed, both in vivo and in vitro. Asbestos fibers were not mutagenic in initial tests of standard strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (Chamberlin and Tarmy 1977), but mutagenic responses were found in a S. typhimurium strain, TA102, that is especially sensitive to oxidative mutagens (Faux et al. 1994). 

Sulfur dioxide produced weak increases in micronuclei after activation in a plant assay Tradescantia spp.). Mammalian (cow, ewe) oocytes exposed in vitro had higher levels of chromosome aberrations when exposed to SO2 without metabolic activation. The Saccharomyces cerevisae yeast test for gene mutations was also positive without activation. 

Guidelines for testing environmental chemicals in the United States were delineated during the 1970s and 1980s (Auletta et al. 1993 Waters and Auletta 1981) and for food additives in 1982 (FDA 1982). Classically, the first batteries included (1) a bacterial test for gene mutation, (2) either an in vitro test for chromosomal... 

Until recently, most regulatory guidelines have focused mainly on tests for gene mutations and structural chromosome damage. HowevCT, the validation of the in vitro micronucleus test and the development of an OECD gnideline indicates that its use will become much more widespread (OECD 2007). 

OECD (1997a). In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 476, 1-10. 

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