Epidemiological survey

There appear also to be toxic effects. In animals, nitrous oxide has been shown to inactivate methionine synthetase which prevents the conversion of deoxyuridine to thymidine and thus has the potential for inducing megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, and teratogenicity (44—46). A variety of epidemiologic surveys suggest positive correlations between exposure to nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in dental assistants (47). 

The 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES), based on interviews with a national probability household sample of nearly 43,000 adults age 18 years and older, showed the 1-year prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder to be 7.4% (i.e., 3.0% with alcohol abuse and 4.4% with alcohol dependence) (Grant et al. 1994). Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a community-based survey of nearly 43,000 individuals conducted in 2001—2002 (Grant... 

Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 807-816, 2004b... 

Opioids. Reactions to morphine, codeine phosphate, meperidine, fentanyl and its derivatives are uncommon. Because of their direct histamine-releasing properties, especially regarding morphine and codeine, distinction between anaphylaxis and non-immune-mediated histamine release is not always easy. Only 12 cases were recorded in the last 2 years epidemiologic survey in France, 9 of them being related to morphine administration [9]. 

Merles PM, Laxenaire MC Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions occurring during anaesthesia in France. Seventh epidemiologic survey (January 2001-December 2002) (in French). Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2004 23 1133. 

While initiation of the use of substances is often in middle and high school, chronic use may be established in young adulthood. The National Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey reported that 16.2% of its 18- to 29-year-old sample met criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence.3... 

Adebimpe, V. R. (1994). Race, racism, and epidemiological surveys. Hosp. Community Psychiatry, 45(1), 27-31. 

However, so far, only a few small-scale epidemiological surveys have been carried out or started to study the possible influence of the exposure to Rn-222 progeny in dwellings on the etiology of lung cancer in the general population, and the evidence of these findings is inconclusive. 

Landrigan et al. (1982) conducted an epidemiologic survey to evaluate occupational exposure to arsine in a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant. Arsine concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 49 /breathing zone samples. A high correlation was found between urinary arsenic concentration and arsine exposure (r=0.84 p=0.0001 for an n of 47). Additionally, arsine levels above 15.6 /ig/m3 (=0.005 ppm) were associated with urinary arsenic concentrations in excess of 50 //g/L. The investigators concluded that exposure to a 200 /ig/m3 arsine exposure standard would not prevent chronic increased absorption of trivalent arsenic. 

An epidemiological survey of complementary symptoms, reminiscent of the HR of terrestrial resistant plants, such as tip bleaching or accumulation of fluorescent aromatic compounds around the site of penetration of parasite propagules (Figs. 12.2 and 12.3), may facilitate the evaluation of the impact of host-microbe interactions in natural populations (Correa and Sanchez 1996 Ellertsdottir and Peters 1997 Bouarab et al. 2001a). This could allow one to test the importance of oxida-tive-burst-associated defense reactions in various biotic interactions. 

Tanaka, S. (1994). An epidemiological survey of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis in kindergartners, schoolchildren and junior high school students. Asia Pac. ]. Public Health 7,26-30. 

Thyroid status can be assessed using dried blood spot specimens for epidemiological surveys. Since TSH levels (as a marker of hypothyroidism) are stable in dried blood spot specimens for months this is the preferred assay for monitoring purposes. TSH monitoring is used in this way in India, China, Zaire, Thailand and Indonesia. 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder characterized by altered metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Epidemiological survey conducted in several developing countries show that prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus vary from two to four percent in different population groups. Roughly two percent of the world population suffers from diabetes mellitus. 

Broadhead WE, Blazer DG, George LK, et al. Depression, disability days, and days lost from work in a prospective epidemiologic survey. JAMA 1990 264 2524-2528. 

But, given that not all bladder cancer victims smoke, work with dyes, or operate drill presses, where could the carcinogens be coming from Chlorine-treated drinking water is a possibility. Epidemiological surveys have revealed that people who drink surface water treated with chlorine are more likely to develop bladder cancer. How much more likely Estimates are that in North America we can link roughly 4,500 cases of bladder cancer annually to chlorinated water. To put this into more understandable terms, about ten out of every thousand men who do not drink chlorinated water will develop bladder cancer if they live to be seventy, while thirteen will do so if they drink chlorinated water for thirty-five years. This, of course, assumes that those who don t drink chlorinated water are consuming water that has been purified by some other technique, an option not available to most people. 

Gislason T, Reymisdotter H, Kritbjarnarson H, Benediktsdotter B (1993) Sleep habits and sleep disturbances among the elderly an epidemiological survey. J Intern Med 234 31-39... 

Giannotti F, Cortesi F (2002) Sleep patterns and daytime functions in adolescents an epidemiological survey of Italian high-school student population. In MA Carskadon (ed) Adolescent Sleep Patterns Biological, Social and Psychological Influences. Cambridge University Press, New York... 

Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B, Bjornsson JK, Kjartansson G, Kjeld M, Kristbjarnarson H (1993) Snoring, hypertension, and the sleep apnea syndrome. An epidemiologic survey of middle-aged women. Chest 103 1147-1151... 

Parkinson IS, Ward MK, Feest TG, et al. 1979. Fractioning dialysis osteodystrophy and dialysis encephalopathy An epidemiological survey. Lancet 1 406-409. 

Thompson, R. C. A. Smyth, J. D. (1975). Equine hydatidosis a review of the current status in Great Britain and the results of an epidemiological survey. Veterinary Parasitology, 1 107-27. 

An extensive epidemiological survey was conducted of housewives who lived in an area of Tokyo, Japan, in which contamination from chromium slag at a construction site was discovered in 1973. The housewives included in the study were those who lived in the area from 1978 to 1988, and controls included housewives who lived in uncontaminated areas. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and clinical tests were conducted annually. Blood pressure determinations revealed no significant difference between the exposed and the control populations (Greater Tokyo Bureau of Hygiene 1989). 

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