Altemaria altemata

Schrader T J, Cherry W, Soper K, Langlois I and Vijay H M (2001), Examination of Altemaria altemata mutagenicity and effects of nitrosylation using the Ames Salmonella Test , Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 21, 261-274. 

In this section, tetramic acids with an acyl group substituent at C-3 are discussed. The simplest of the naturally occurring 3-acyl tetramic acids, tenuazonic acid (6), was first isolated from the culture filtrate of Alter-naria tenuis [18] and, subsequently, from other fungal species (A. alternate, A. longipes, Pyricularia oryzae) [19,20]. Species of Altemaria are known to produce more than 70 secondary metabolites, many of which, particularly those from the Altemaria altemata complex, are mycotoxins [19]. The absolute stereochemistry of 6 (55,65) was deduced from the formation of L-isoleucine on ozonolysis followed by acid hydrolysis [21]. 

Altemaria altemata apple pathotype (previously described as A. mali Roberts) causes Altemaria blotch of susceptible apple cultivars through production of a cyclic peptide host-selective toxin, AM-toxin, whose complete structure has been determined for the first time among host-specific toxins.298 Disruption of AM-toxin synthetase (AMT) gene resulted in toxin-minus mutants, which were also unable to cause disease symptoms in susceptible apple cultivars, indicating that AMT is a primary determinant of virulence and specificity in the A. altemata apple pathotype309 (Figure 33). 

Neukirch C, Henry C, Leynaert B, Liard R, Bousquet J, Neukirch F Is sensitization to Altemaria altemata a risk factor for severe asthma A population-based study. J Allergy Clin Irrrmrmol 1999 103 709-711. 

Romano C, Valenti L, Miracco C, Alessandrini C, Paccagnini E, Faggi E, Difonzo EM Two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis by Altemaria altemata and Altemaria tenuissima. Mycopathologja 1997 137 65-74. 

Acland KM, Hay RJ, Groves R Cutaneous infection with Altemaria altemata complicating immunosuppression Successfiil treatment with itraconazole. Br J Dermatol 1998 138 354-356. 

Palacio Ad, Gomez-Hernando C, Revenga F, Carabias E, Gonzales A, Cuetara MS, Johnson EM Cutaneous Altemaria altemata successfiilly treated with itraconazole. Clin Exp Derm 1996 21 241-243. 

Achatz G, Oberkofler H, Lechenauer E, Simon B, Unger A, Kandler D, Ebner C, Prillinger H, Kraft D, Breitenbach M Molecular cloning of major and minor allergens of Altemaria altemata and Cladosporium herbarum. Mol Immunol 1995 32 213-227. 

De Vouge MW, Thaker AJ, Curran IH, Zhang L, Muradia G, Rode H, Vijay HM Isolation and expression of a cDNA clone encoding an Altemaria altemata Alt a 1 subunit. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1996 111 385-395. 

Bush RK, Sanchez H, Geisler D Molecular cloning of a major Altemaria altemata allergen, rAlt a 2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 104 665-671. 

Unger A, Stoger P, Simon-Nobbe B, Susani M, Crameri R, Ebner C, Hintner H, Breitenbach M Clinical testing of recombinant allergens of the mold Altemaria altemata. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999 118 220-221. 

Curran IH, Young NM, Burton M, Vijay HM Purification and characterization of Alt a-29 from Altemaria altemata. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1993 102 267-275. 

Matthiesen F, Olsen M, Lowenstein H Purification and partial sequenzation of the major allergen of Altemaria altemata. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992 89 241. 

Steringer I, Aukrust L, Einarsson R Variability of antigenicity/alleigenicity in different strains of Altemaria altemata. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1987 84 190-197. 

Fumonisins are a group of toxins produced primarily by Fusarium verticil-lioides (formerly called F moniliforme), Eprolifemtum and other related species which readily colonize corn all over the world [120-124]. Nine structurally related fumonisins including Bj, B2, B3, B4, A, and A2, have been described (fig. 8). Chemically, fiimonisin Bj is a derivative (diester) of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid of 2-amino-12,16-dimethyl-3,5,10,14,15-pentahydroxy-icosane [121-130]. The other fumonisins lack the tricarballylic acid or other ester groups [121, 131, 132]. Fumonisins are chemically similar in structure to toxins (AAL) produced by Altemaria altemata [133]. Production of fumonisins hy Altermria has also been reported [134,135], and some fumonisin-producing Fusaria have been knovm to produce AAL toxins [136]. 

Abbas HK, Tanaka T, Shier WT Biological activities of synthetic analc es of Altemaria altemata toxin (AAL) and fiimonisin in plant and mammalian cells. Phytochemistry 1995 40 1681-1689. 

Chen J, Mirocha CJ, Xie W, Hc ge L, Olson D Production of the mycotoxin fiimonisin B1 by Altemaria altemata f. sp. lycopersici. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992 58 3928-3931. 

Abbas HK, Riley RT The presence and phytotoxicity of fumonisins and AAL-toxin in Altemaria altemata. Toxicon 1996 34 133-136. 

A number of essential oils and flavoring agents have been used experimentally to control certain phytopathogens. For example, volatiles of crushed tomato leaves, Lycopersicon esculentum, were analyzed and shown to contain limonene, 2-carene (Figure 2[13]), 2-hexenal, hexanal, 2-nonenal and nonanal, and they were individually tested against the hyphae of certain microorganisms. Two of these compounds, 2-hexenal and hexanal, were active against Altemaria altemata and Botrytis cinerea so that 0.23-4.6 pmole/L air and 0.32-12.8 pmole/L air was all that was needed, respectively, of each of these compounds to control B. cinerea (14). 

Allylic sulfides, description, 310 Altemaria altemata, insecticides, 56 American Dietetic Association, position on functional foods, 315... 

C loH isNOs, Mr 197.23, viscous oil or pale brown cryst., mp. 74-75.5 C. [ajf -121° (CHCI3) Cu salt green needles, mp. 175 °C. A phytotoxic and tremorigenic component of phytopathogenic fungi such as Pyricu-laria oryzae, Altemaria altemata, A. mali, and A. tenuis. 

Altemaria altemata H-25(rice) Cladosporium cucumerinum H-23(melon) Pyricularia oryzae H-22(rice)... 

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