Salmonella mutagenesis test

Whong, W.Z., Stewart, J., and Ong, T.M. (1981). Use of the improved arabinose-resistant assay system of Salmonella typhimurium for mutagenesis testing. Environ. Mutagenesis 3, 95-99. 

Schrader T J, Cherry W, Soper K, Langlois I and Vijay H M (2001), Examination of Altemaria altemata mutagenicity and effects of nitrosylation using the Ames Salmonella Test , Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 21, 261-274. 

Monomethylhydrazine-induced mutagenesis was not observed in Ames Salmonella/ microsome with activation (Matheson et al. 1978). In vivo tests in mice (dominant lethal, revertants in host-mediated assay), and dogs (micronuclei) were negative (reviewed in Trochimowicz 1994). However, in vitro chromosomal damage in human and rat tissue has been demonstrated, although in vivo liver DNA damage (as determined by DNA alkaline elution) was equivocal (reviewed in Trochimowicz 1994). 

Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, et al. 1987. Salmonella mutagenicity tests III. Results from the testing of 255 chemicals. Environmental Mutagenesis 9 1-18. 

Three primary tests are incorporated in the health effects area. The microbial mutagenesis assay is based on the property of selected Salmonella typhimurium mutants to revert from a histidine requiring state to prototrophy due to exposre to various classes of mutagens. The test can detect nanogram quantities of mutagens and has been adapted to mimic some mammalian metabolic processes by the addition of a mammalian liver microsomal fraction. The test is used as a primary screen to determine the mutagenic activity of complex mixtures or component fractions. 

Roldan-Arjona. T. Pueyo, C. (1993) Mutagenic and lethal effects of halogenated methanes in the Ara test of Salmonella typhimurium. quantitative relationship with chemical reactivity. Mutagenesis. 8. 127-131... 

Haworth. S.. Lawlor. T.. Mortelmans, K., Speck, W. Zeiger, E. (1983) Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environ. Mutagenesis, Suppl. 1, 3-142... 

Abu-Shakra, A. Zeiger, E. (1990) Effects of Salmonella genotypes and testing protocols on H2O2-induced mutation. Mutagenesis, 5, 469-473... 

Roldan-Aijona, T., Garcia-Pedrajas, D., Luque-Romero, F.L., Hera, C. Pueyo. C. (1991) An association between mutagenicity of the Ara test of Salmonella typhimurium and carcinogenicity in rodents for 16 halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Mutagenesis, 6, 199-205... 

Mutagenesis induced in Salmonella typhimurium by 2-fluorenamine and other chemical carcinogens was inhibited by low levels of retinol and other retinoids when carcinogen activation was carried out by rat liver microsomes. In contrast, low levels of retinoids enhanced mutagenesis when carcinogen activation was mediated by whole liver homogenates. There was no effect of the provitamin 3-carotene in this test system. 

If mutagenesis is determined in the Salmonella/microsome test, the degree of positive or negative findings is based on toxification by the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction from the liver of rats previously treated with Aroclor 1254. Likewise, any mutagenicity index for a... 

TBHP did not produce a genotoxic response in the cell transformation assay, but did produce a mutagenic response in the Ames Salmonella) and mouse lymphoma mutagenesis assays. TBHP was tested for the induction of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster, and was positive at a dose of 2000 ppm when administered to males by feeding. 

The Ames test is used to screen a wide variety of chemicals for potential carcinogenicity or as potential cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The test enables a large number of compounds to be screened rapidly by examining their ability to induce mutagenesis in several specially constructed bacterial mutants derived from Salmonella typhimurium. 

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