Containers fabrication

As an example of Si technology, Figure 1 illustrates a packaged 1-megabit dynamic-random-access-memory (DRAM) chip on a 150-mm-diameter Si substrate containing fabricated chips. Each of the chips will be cut from the wafer, tested, and packaged like the chip shown on top of the wafer. The chip is based on a l- xm minimum feature size and contains 2,178,784 active devices. It can store 1,048,516 bits of information, which corresponds to approximately 100 typewritten pages. 

The commercially available injection for intravenous infusion that contains 2 mg/mL in 5% dextrose is provided in a plastic container fabricated from a specially formulated polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Tammilehto et al. used thin-layer chromatography to study the degradation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride solutions after these were irradiated by a high pressure mercury lamp [6]. 

Pilot-scale Investigation. Approximately 1.3 billion pounds of the textile fabrics and yarns that are annually batch-dyed are composed of 100% cotton or some percentage of cotton/polyester blends [2). The three major dye classes that have been utilized in recent years to color cotton-containing fabrics are vats, directs and reactives for 100% cotton, and these dyes plus disperse dyes for cotton/polyester blends. Several recent... 

Due to the potential regression in supply and use of disazo directs and vats as well as more strenuous wet fastness requirements, textile firms dyeing cotton-containing fabrics are projected to switch production to reactive dyes in increasing numbers. Reactive dyes are unique in that the dye with the cellulose in cotton or rayon. In the process the material is impregnated with the reactive dye, base is added to the bath to effect the dye/fiber chemical reaction, and the fabric is then carried through an afterscour. Reactive dyes have several severe drawbacks ... 

Savings and Cost/Benefit Analysis. The bench scale experiments were successful Tn overcoming major technical problems while demonstrating that dyebath/auxiliary bath reuse is indeed feasible with reactive dyes on cotton-containing fabrics. In addition, a shortened-cycle dyeing procedure coupled with reuse for cotton/polyester blends was shown to further increase energy, mass, and time savings (Table XXX). 

The design of a cell that is compatible with more than one technique was illustrated by Couves et al. (1991). They briefly presented a cell design that allowed the collection of both XAFS spectra (in a dispersive geometry) and X-ray diffractograms. The cell operated at atmospheric pressure and included a pressed wafer of the catalyst. Little detail was provided, but the authors stated that the cell consisted of a custom-built Kanthal heating element embedded in a pyrophyllite block with a recess for the pressed sample. The sample could be heated to 1073 K in a flow of gas. More detail of the design was published by Dent et al. (1995). In essence, there is an outer container fabricated from aluminum that has the necessary Kapton windows and water-cooled end caps. A pyrophyllite heat shield fits inside the outer container, and a wire-wound heater, into which the sample holder fits, is placed inside this heat shield. The furnace was capable of operation from 373 to 1473 K. 

Another approach to flame-resistant cotton containing fabrics involves the use of core spun yarns [368 372]. There are two components in these specialized yarns. One component is a central core usually made from a human-made polyester or nylon, or a nonflammable core like fiberglass. The other component is a cotton cover that is wound around the central core to form the core yarn. The core yarn is woven or knitted into an appropriate textile, then treated with a finish to make the flame-resistant cotton cover. When the core yarns are spun to restrict their synthetic content to 40% or less, the FR treatment of the cotton component... 

The unique properties of CNC INHIBITOR 30 affords the dyer and finisher of spandex containing fabrics full protection against atmospheric yellowing. 

A unique combination of a super scour and inhibitor for Spandex containing fabrics which have a tendency to yellow due to atmospheric conditions. 

A thermosetting reactant in water that provi(ies very high levels of performance to cellulose containing fabrics with low formaldehyde emission. 

MYKON 122 softener provides a soft, full hand to cellulosic containing fabrics. It has excellent resistance to scorching, does not affect lightfastness and has excellent compatibility with most finishes. MYKON 122 is an excellent lubricant for sanforizing applications. 

PRYM 200 is a very effective stain release agent for poly-ester/cellulosic and 100% cellulosic fabrics. PRYM 200 also inhibits wet-soiling and improves absorbency and antistatic properties of polyester containing fabrics. 

Greasy and oily soils on polyester or polyester-containing fabrics are among the more difficult stains to displace. Removal of these soils from cotton fabrics, however, is far easier. This difference in cleaning can be attributed to the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the cellulosic fibers which give the surface of the cotton a hydrophilic nature and subsequently permit surfactants and water to more easily wash away adsorbed soils. The surface of polyester fabrics, in contrast, is hydrophobic since they are essentially composed of copolymers of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. This hydrophobicity not only creates an affinity towards oily soils, but makes them more difficult to remove. 

The use of sheet material also allows decorating before container fabrication instead of after, with fewer limitations than for processes applicable to finished containers. Furthermore this enables the decoration to be carried right up to junctions and around curvatures which would otherwise be difficult, if not impossible, to decorate. 

The choice of resin is based mainly on satisfying product compatibility requirements such as resistance to acid or alkali, and freedom from flavour or taint. The resin must adhere well and have sufficient flexibility to withstand the container fabrication process. It must also be resistant to damage if the container is soldered. On shallow drawn or formed foil containers, protective coatings are applied to the foil or sheet prior to container fabrication. On deep drawn or extruded containers, coatings are applied after fabrication. With soldered or welded cans the opposite internal area can be protected by a side-stripe , after fabrication. 

The perfume/CD complexes are preferably incorporated into solid, dryer-activated, fabric treatment (conditioning) composition, preferably containing fabric softeners, more preferably cationic and/or nonionic fabric softeners. The complexes provide fabrics with perfume benefits when they are rewetted after drying. Volatile perfume materials, including those materials that are commonly associated with freshness, can be applied to the fabrics in an effective way. Clay provides protection for said perfume/CD complexes, especially when certain materials like some nonionic fabric softeners and/or fatty acids are present and in contact with said perfume/CD complexes (Banks et al., 1992). 

Some new applications of biopolymers or their derivatives in the enhancement in UV-protective functionality of cellulosic-containing fabrics are given in Table 6.5. 

Table 6.5 The positive role of biopolymers or their derivatives in enhancing the UV-protective fiinctional property of cellulose-containing fabrics...

Some of the new generations of flame-retardant additives used to confer retardant features to the cellulose containing fabrics are given in Table 6.6. 

Table 6.8 shows the potential applications of biopolymers or their derivatives in imparting other functional properties such as insect-repellent, waterproof/breathable coating, hand building, easy care finishing/hand building to the treated cotton-containing fabrics. 

Ibrahim, N. A., El-Hossamy, M., Hashem, M. M., Refai, R, and Eid, B. M. (2008). Novel pretreatment processes to promote linen-containing fabrics properties, Carhohvd. Poivm.. 74, 880-891. 

M. (2010). Smart options for functional finishing of linen-containing fabrics, 39,233-265. 

Ibrahim, N. A., Zairy, W. R., and Eld, B. M. (2010). Novel approach for improving disperse dyeing and UV-protective function of cotton-containing fabrics using MCT-pCD, Carhohvd. Polvrn.. 79, 839-846. 

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