Safety in Operation

The safety precautions to be taken with hoses are much the same as those recommended for piping systems in general (Section 3.4). Special precautions in installation and more frequent inspection are covered in the sections immediately above. Special actions can also be taken during operation to control hazards. Many of these have to do with controlling the use of hoses to avoid inadvertent mixing of process fluids and the exposure of hoses to the wrong fluids. The following (hecklist should be consulted to ensure safety in operation  

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In the simplest terms, a fault-tree for risk analysis requires the following information probabiUty of detection of a particular anomaly for an NDE system, repair or replacement decision for an item judged defective, probabiUty of failure of the anomaly, cost of failure, cost of inspection, and cost of repair. Implementation of a risk-based inspection system should lead to an overall improvement in the inspection costs as well as in the safety in operation for a plant, component, or a system. Unless the database is well estabUshed, however, costs may fluctuate considerably. 

That this switchboard was installed, with the approval of the terminal management... in a switchroom from which the loading stands were not visible, suggests some failure to take into account the basic fundamentals of safety in operation of plant. 

Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Ind.iLStries, 4th International S)Tnposium, Vol. 1 Safety in Operations and Processes Vol. 2 Hazardous Chemicals and. Liquefied Gases-Safe Transport, Vol. 3 Chemical Process Hazards, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, Symposium Series No. 82, 1983. 

One of the most far reaching analyzes along these lines of thought was given by Commenge [114] in the context of gas-phase reactions in continuous-flow processes. Specifically, he analyzed four different aspects of micro reaction devices, namely the expenditure in mechanical energy, the residence-time distribution, safety in operation, and the potential for size reduction when the efficiency is kept fixed. 

Two-roll horizontal mills, the design of which conforms to the Lunn Principles for safety in operation. 

An economic advantage of automation, which falls outside the scope of Eqs. 1.1 and 1. 2, lies in the potential silent-hours usage of a proven automatic method. Thus, a further two- to threefold increase in throughput for the analysis in question is possible and this is particularly appealing to a laboratory wanting to increase its analytical capacity without increasing its staff numbers. However, if silent-hours working is contemplated, several factors must be carefully evaluated. Safety in operation becomes paramount and the... 

The general arrangement of the simulator assembly is shown in Figure 1 and is comprised of a flow control system, a reactor, a data acquisition system and over-ride controls that ensure safety in operations. 

Safety in operation of high-pressure units mainly means the protection of people and investment. Operation must be done so that nobody is harmed. Equipment specifications and installation plans must be in accord with any applicable codes or regulations. These may be in the form of State and/or local legislative rules. 

Yields The combination of the KLP process with butadiene extraction can provide over 100% recovery of the butadiene contained in the feed as product. The recovery is enhanced by the conversion of vinylacetylene to 1,3-butadiene. Total acetylene levels in the product of less than 10 wt-ppm are achievable. The process also offers improved safety in operations by eliminating concentrated acetylene byproduct streams. 

Extractions may be introduced into a work-up to provide for greater safety in operations. For instance, unreacted 1,4-dibromobutane was conveniently removed by heptane extraction of an aqueous phase containing the intermediate lithium carboxylate (Figure 10.8) [11].Without this step, the lachrymator 1,4-dibromobutane (bp 63—65°C/6 mm) was ineffectively removed. On scale this compound would have been very irritating to personnel, especially those removing the product from a dryer. 

Data from American National Standard for Nuclear Criticality Safety in Operations with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors [A2] and J. T. Thomas [Tl]. 

Chemical Process Industries are vital for the modem society. However, often these are perceived as major sources of risk and pollution. Modem technologies must face the challenge of changing this negative image into a safe and environmental friendly look. In addition, chemical processes must be more intensive. Modem plants should occupy a much modest place in the landscape compared with the old industrial giants, and offer absolute safety in operation. 

ANSI/ANS-8.1-1983, "American National Criticality Safety in Operation with F i ss i onabIe Mater i a Is Outs i de Reactors."... 

The evaluated multiplication factor of fuel in storage racks under normal and AOEs should be equal to or less than an estabIi shed max i mum mu 11 i pIi cat i on factor. Procedures for determining the limiting multiplication factor are given in detail in ANSI/ANS-8.1-1983, American National Criticality Safety in Operation with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors. 

These activities are necessary for more safety in operation and maintenance, better quality of the products, getting leadership in market, for increasing profits, more overall efficiency in manufacmring, if better/cheaper products are available and for diversification to other products. They contribute towards the following ... 

Engineered features and controls utilize basic criticality safety principles to ensure criticality safety in operations where fissile material is handled and stored. CSAs, written in accordance with the ES H Manual Supplement on Criticality Safety [SNL 1998], provide the bases for the criticality safety margins of the designs. Design features and controls that enhance criticality safety in HCF operations are shown In Table 6.4-1. 

Vn.4] JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Nuclear CriticaUty Safety Handbook (English Translation), JAERI-Review-95-013, JAERI, Tokyo (1995). [Vn.5] AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE, American National Standard for Nuclear Criticahty Safety in Operations with Eissionable Materials Outside Reactors, ANSI/ANS-8.1-1983 (Reaffirmed 1988), American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (1983). 

Medication safety in operating rooms is an important issue because medication-related problems can lead to serious adverse events. A study of medication in operating rooms reported the shortcomings in the following areas [10] ... 

Safety, like other disciplines, is principle driven. The student must be encouraged to use critical thinking in applying safety principles and practices to conduct chemical work safely and to identify the need for additional information about the safety in operations handling chemicals or other hazardous agents. 

Safety in operation requires that the operating personnel be knowledgeable of modified systems and the associated documentation. Therefore, training and retraining of responsible people at all levels is necessary in order to address the fact that systems, programmes and documentation have changed or may need to be changed. 

Comments on the standard, Nuclear Criticality Safety in Operations with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors, are, of course, dependent on the reviewer s experience and the safety principles and organizational structure with which he is familiar. So, to put my comments in perspective, it will be helpful to recount briefly the separations operations and the personnel organization at the Savannah River Plant. 

In 1964, representatives of commercial firms emphasized the need for further safety standards and guides. It appears that they would remain unsatisfied by contents of ANSI N16.1-1969, "Nuclear Criticality Safety In Operations with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors," as well as the two proposed standards mentioned in the table. Another standards Work Group, ANS78.9, on safe pipe intersections for fissile solution, retognizes the need for data beyond resxilts that came recently from Oak Ridge and earlier from Rocky Flats. ... 

The experiments being performed under this program provide data suitable for validating calculational techniques as required by. the American National Standard—ANSI N16.1-1969 (Nudear Criticality Safety in Operations with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors). The data from experiments completed have been widely disseminated and used. Also, from all reports to date, they appear to be in a satisfactory and usable form. 

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