Resins pine pitch

Labda Mastic Resin Pine Pitch Sample Sample Sample... 

Natural resins Burgundy pitch Copal Dammar Japanese lacquer Pine rosin Wood rosin... 

Natural resins Pine resins, sandarac, copals, mastic, dammar, amber, frankincense, benzoe, styrax, myrrh, (plant resins) shellac (animal resin) tar and pitch (from thermal treatment of plant resins or wood) Varnishes, coatings, waterproofing materials, paint binders, ingredients of cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations... 

The first results encouraged the authors to analyse, by headspace SPME, substances mentioned in ancient texts or hieroglyphics as components of embalming fluids [true resins such as mastic, labdanum and pine resin or pine pitch and gum resins such as olibanum, myrrh and galbanum] [27, 28] with the aim of finding characteristic chemical compounds for each type of resin or gum resin. 

Peak no. Compound Rla Olibanum Myrrh Galba num Labda num Mastic Resin of Pinus pinea Pine pitch Pitch from Fayoum Sample 1485 Sample 1627 Sample 1625... 

Parallel analyses by IR, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of organic remains adhering to shards of ancient amphoras excavated in the harbor of Carthage (Tunisia) identified these remains as pine pitches. Capillary GC of methylated acid fractions showed abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and 7-ketodehydroabietic acid as the principal components. Two-dimensional TLC of untreated ether extracts revealed abietic acid in 12 of 31 samples and dehydroabietic acid in 26 of 31 samples. IR spectra of solid, raw samples indicated the presence of isopropyl groups, characteristic of the abietane skeleton, in 80% of the samples. Rapid and convenient analysis by TLC and IR was, in most cases, sufficient to identify pine resin products even after extensive pyrolytic and oxidative degradation. 

Pitch is the residue after the distillation of volatile resin components in an open vessel. The material is typically black and is referred to as pix by Roman writers (I). When obtained from pine resin, it may be called pine pitch when obtained from other plant resins, it may be called more generally wood pitch. 

We cannot determine whether the abietic acid was lost during the manufacture of the pine pitch or during its depositional history. Loss during deposition is less likely, because almost all (six of seven) of the most recent samples (from the Byzantine period) were devoid of abietic acid. Of the five samples that showed neither of the resin acids by TLC (samples 5, 13, 23, 26, and 27), three (5,13, and 23) yielded IR spectra that revealed no isopropyl group. 

Three samples (4, 26, and 27) demonstrated the complementary rather than parallel functions of IR and TLC analyses in organic archaeometry. Organic materials were not revealed by IR in sample 4, but both abietic and dehydroabietic acids were detected by TLC in the same sample. Clearly, the resin acid concentrations were below the limit of detection of whole-resin IR spectroscopy but were sufficient for detection by TLC, Conversely, samples 26 and 27 showed neither acid by TLC but gave a clear indication of the isopropyl structure in the IR spectra. In this case, the IR technique was superior although the resin acids have been lost evidently (most likely by decarboxylation), the remaining neutral compounds retained the isopropyl group, a fact that allowed the identification of the samples as pine pitches. 

Sample 7 contained more than 20% unchanged abietic acid, more than 50% dehydroabietic acid, but very little 7-ketodehydroabietic acid. This composition is not expected of a pine pitch but of a pine resin that has been through slow disproportionation in an anaerobic environment. This residue is therefore that of a pine resin added to wine to make the retsina for which Greece was noted in antiquity as it is today. Sample 1 contained only 1% unchanged abietic acid, but more than half of the dehydroabietic acid was oxidized to 7-ketodehydroabietic acid, a finding that indicates the presence of air during the preparation of the pitch. 

GC (with or without identification of constituents by MS) remains the most precise, quantitative method for the detailed analysis of resinous remains and the choice when a relatively small number of samples must be studied in depth. It provides information about the method of preparation, that is, about early resin and pitch technology. The analyses reported in this chapter and elsewhere (20) have been the impetus for current work in this laboratory on replication of ancient pitch manufacturing methods and identification of the types of pine resins that were used. 

These minerals were ground into fine powders then mixed with a resin, such as pine pitch. An oil base was sometimes added by grinding certain seeds or extracted from animal fat. Paints were applied either by fingers or with brushes made from the shredded end of a stick, animal fur, or fibrous plant leaves. 

In view of the wide application of Py—GC in industry and research, the development of techniques and equipment for automatic analysis by this method is of great practical interest. An automatic Py—GC system was developed by Coulter and Thompson [69] for Curie-type cells with a filament for specific application in the tyre industry. A typical analysis involves the identification and determination of polymers in a tyre material sample. The material of a tyre is essentially a mixture of polymers, most often natural rubber (polyisoprene), synthetic polyisoprene, polybutadiene and butadiene-styrene copolymer. A tube is normally made of a material based on butyl rubber and a copolymer of isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. In addition to the above ingredients, the material contains another ten to twelve, such as sulphur, zinc oxide, carbon black, mineral oil, pine pitch, resins, antioxidants, accelerators and stearic acid. In analysing very small samples of the tyre material, the chemist must usually answer the following question on the basis of which polymers is the tyre made and what is their ratio The problem is not made easier by the fact that cured rubber is not soluble in any solvent. 

The botanical species exploited in the past for the collection of resins vary according to the geographical area, and thus, the availability of adequate reference materials of a known botanical origin is crucial for resin identification. Pine resin and resin-derived pitch, mastic, frankincense, myrrh, benzoe, and birch bark tar are the most common terpenoid materials in archaeological artifacts from the Mediterranean area. Terpenic resin composition depends on aging and exposure to air and light, so the biomarkers used for their identification are... 

Boosted largely by cost, floor space, and environmental concerns, no-clean fluxes now dominate printed circuit assembly. They are generally composed of rosins (e.g., natural acidic plant residues such as pine pitch) and/or resins. Often, but not exclusively, the term resin is used to denote a manmade rosin analog. 

Harz-esaenz, /. rosin spirit, -eater, m. resin ester rosin eater, -esterlack, m. gum lae-quer. -fett, n. rosin grease, -fichte, /. pitch pine, -firnis, m. resin varnish, -fleck, m. (Paper) resin (or rosin) spot, -fluss, m. resinous exudation, oleoresin. 

Haxz-karboUdsung, /. (Paper) solution of rosin in carbolic acid, -keraselfe, /. rosin curd soap, rosin soap, -kiefer,/. pitch pine, -kitt, m. resinous cement, -kocher, m. (Paper) rosin boiler, -kohle, /. bituminous coal, -kdrper, m. resin(ous) substance, -lack, m. resin lake resin varnish, -leim, m. (Paper) rosin size, -leimung, /. (Paper) sizing with rosin, -leimverseifung, /. rosin-size cutting. ... 

Resins and wood from birch, pine and fir were used to produce tar and pitch in various regions of Europe and the Mediterranean [87 92,142 148], both for the production of adhesives and of hydro-repellents and coatings. 

Sources 1 D.H. Bennett, C.M. Falter and A.F. Campbell, Prediction of Effluent Characteristics, Use of Lime Treatments and Toxicity of the Proposed Ponderay Mill , Appendix in engineer s report on Effluent Characteristics for Washington State Department of Ecology, 1987. 2 D.F. Zinkel, Tall Oil Precursors of Loblolly Pine , Tappi, 1975, 58, 2, pp. 118-121. 3 R.W. Hemingway, P.J. Nelson and W.E. Hillis, Rapid Oxidation of the Fats and Resins in Pinus Radiata Chips for Pitch Control , Tappi, 1971, 54, 1, pp. 95-98. 4 D.O. Foster, D.F. Zinkel and A.H. Conner, Tall Oil Precursors of Douglas Fir , Tappi, 1980, 63, 12, pp. 103-105. 

One of die commonest and most important of the hard resins is rosin, obtained by distilling the pitch, or turpentine, which is a product of several of the native pines of the southeastern United States. This rosin, also known as colophony, is a very important product of that region. Originally the turpentine was obtained by chopping a deep hollow in the base of the trunk of the tree and allowing it to fill up with the turpentine, which was then scooped out. This method was very destructive and wasteful, since much of the oleoresin, turpentine, was lost during the process. The weakened trees were easily blown down. 

The oleoresinous exudate or "pitch of many conifers, but mainly pines, is the raw material for the major products of the naval stores industry. The oleoresin is produced in the epithelial cells which surround the resin canals. When the tree is wounded the resin canals are cut. The pressure of the epithelial cells forces die oleoresin to the surface of die wound where it is collected. The oleoresin is separated into two fractions by steam distillation. The volatile fraction is called gum turpentine and contains chiefly a mixture of monoterpenes but a smaller amount of sesquiterpenes is present also. The nonvolatile gum rosin 5 consists mainly of llie dilerpenuid resin acids and smaller amounts of esters, alcohols and steroids. Wood turpentine, wood rosin and a fraction of intermediate volatility, pine oil are obtained together by gasoline extrachon of the chipped wood of old pine stumps. Pine oil is largely a mixture of the monoterpenoids terpineol. borneol and fenchyl alcohol. Sulfate turpentine and its nonvolatile counterpart, tall oil, 5 are isolated as by-products of the kraft pulping process. Tall oil consists of nearly equal amounts of saponified fatty acid esters and resin acids. 

Distinction of Colophony from Burgundy Pitch.—This resin, obtained by purifying pine or other turpentine by fusing it in water, is distinguished from colophony by the appearance, melting point and content of water. 

Some pine species can be induced to exude pathological resin by wounding living trees. This exuded oleoresin is collected manually. Tar and pitch isolated from this gum was originally used for the protection and tightening of the hulls of wooden ships and for the preservation of ropes ("Naval stores") and gave rise to the so-called naval stores industry. Centered in the southeastern longleaf and slash pine areas of the United States this industry... 

Rosin is sometimes used to refer to certain resins, especially the natural exudates of fir and pine trees, and in such designations as rosin-tree for the South African shrub Cineraria resinifera. Strictly speaking, rosin is the residue after distillation of the volatile components of the whole resin, again, especially of fir and pine resins. The term is synonymous to colophony. In modern practice, colophony is obtained by vacuum distillation of the volatile constituents of resin in the absence of air. The product retains the typically yellow color of the original resin. In earlier times, the resin was heated in open vessels and the product was brown or black and partially pyrolyzed it was, in fact, pitch. Because of this ambiguity, it is best to avoid the word rosin altogether. 

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