Resins mastic

Msstix, m. mastic (the resin), gum mastic, -braontwein, m. mastic (the liquor), -firnis, m. mastic varnish, -harz, n. mastic (resin). -Idtt, m. mastic (cement), -lack, m. mastic varnish, -losimg,/. mastic solution, mastizieren, v.t. masticate. 

Moronic, isomasticadienonic and masticadienonic acids are considered as characteristic and diagnostic molecules for assessing the presence of mastic resin in ancient samples [2,88,94,123,124],... 

Dammar resin was introduced into Europe in the nineteenth century, mainly as a paint varnish It is still used today since it has good optical properties and low acidity. It is derived from various species (the genus Hopea and Shorea of the Dipterocarpaceae family). It is characterised by tetracyclic triterpenoids of the dammarane series and contains minor amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids of the series of olanane, ursane and hopane. It also contains a polymeric fraction named polycadinene or [S-resene. Dammar resin triterpenoids undergo oxidation with ageing, as described for the components of mastic resin. 

K.J. van der Berg, J. ven der Horst, J.J. Boon, 0.0. Sudmeijer, Cis 1,4 poly P myrcene the structure of the polymeric fraction of mastic resin (Pistacia lentiscus) elucidated, Tetrahedron... 

Figures 3.4 3.6 report the average mass spectra obtained, respectively, for frankincense resin, mastic resin and birch bark tar [16]. Moreover, in each spectrum the main ion and ion radical fragments are assigned, and for each material the main molecular markers are shown.

Figure 3.5 Mass spectrum of mastic resin obtained by DE MS...

The first two PCs account for 85% of the total variance of the data set. The PCA highlights that the sample is placed in the area of the mastic resin cluster. This confirmed the hypothesis made on the basis of a qualitative examination of the mass spectra, even though the sample is clearly shifted at lower values of PC2 with respect to the centroid of the mastic cluster. This was attributed to the presence of other substances mixed with the resin, and/or to a different quantitative distribution of the triterpenoids present in the censer with respect to the reference raw mastic resin. 

Figure 3.16 PCA scatter plot of mass spectral data recorded by DE MS for mastic resin, frankincense resin, birch bark pitch and organic residue recovered from the ceramic censer from Antinoe (Egypt)...

Despite the complexity of the chemical composition of the resinous materials, in a few minutes such techniques provide a mass spectral fingerprint, which highlights the compounds that are the main components in the sample. They avoid any sampling treatment before analysis. They have thus enabled diterpenoid resinous materials from Coniferae, and several triterpenoid materials to be clearly identified. In particular, the DE-MS technique is able to distinguish between different triterpenoid materials such as mastic resin, frankincense resin and birch bark tar. In fact, using PCA on DE-MS mass... 

Table 5.2 Components of fresh mastic resin, as reported in the literature [34], with corresponding m/z values of the sodium adducts (see Figure 5.7b)...

Peak no. Compound Rla Olibanum Myrrh Galba num Labda num Mastic Resin of Pinus pinea Pine pitch Pitch from Fayoum Sample 1485 Sample 1627 Sample 1625... 

Labda Mastic Resin Pine Pitch Sample Sample Sample... 

Figure 12.4 THM GC/MS curve of mastic resin. Peak assignments 1, nor f3 amyrone 2, (8R) 3 oxo hydroxypolipoda 13E,17E,21 triene 3, nor 28 olean 18 en 3 one 4, moronic acid methyl ester 5, oleanonic acid methyl ester 6, oleanonic aldehyde 7,8, (iso)masticadienonic acid methyl ester...

Fats, oils, beeswax, bitumen, coniferous resin, mastic resin [54,56]... 

The assessment of the origin of terpenic resins by GC7MS is generally based on the qualitative recognition of specific molecular biomarkers that are normally specific for the genus [1,2,8,27,81-86]. Figures 36.8-36.10 illustrate the mass spectra of several biomarkers of mastic resin, frankincence resin, and birch bark tar, respectively. The GC/MS analysis of di- and triterpenoids requires the extraction and derivatization of... 

FIGURE 36.8 Mass spectra of the characteristic compounds of mastic resin. MW, molecular weight. 

The first online TLC-MS attempt in the field of triterpenoids was done only in 2005 in the study of the photo-oxidation of natural di- and triterpenoid resins used as paint varnishes [10], The resinous samples were applied onto a cellulose-coated TLC plate, which afterward was subjected to direct MALDI-TOF-MS analysis without any development. The plates were only sprayed with a saturated ethanol solution of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrix to assist the ionization of compounds. Triterpenoids were observed as protonated molecules or as sodium clusters. Dammaradienone, dammaradienol, nor-a-amyrone, and dammarenolic, oleanonic, and ursonic acid were detected in dammar resin moronic acid, masticadienonic acid, and 3-0-acetyl-3-epi(iso)masticadienonic acid were found in mastic resin and diterpenoid abietane and pimarane acids were present in colophony. The induced aging process produced oxidized triterpenoids, which were observed in the MS spectra... 

FIGURE 12.1 Typical terpenes. (a) Isoprene is the nominal buSding block of the teipenoids. (b) Pinene is a major constituent of oil of turpentine, (c) Abietic acid is a major constituent of rosin (colophony). (d) Masticadienonic acid is a major constituent of mastic resin. The wavy lines in (b) and (c) indicate the junctions between the five carbon monomer units (isoprene), two of which form a terpene. 

Typical constituents found in dammar and mastic resins. Scalarone, 2005 These are major components alongside many minor ones. Compounds a, b, and c are major components of dammar, b, c, and d are found in both resins, while e and f are found in mastic but not in dammar so can be used as markers for its presence, g and h are polymers found in small quantities in dammar and mastic respectively, i is a typical oxidation product of dammar and mastic. 

The identification of dammar and mastic resins that have been used as spirit-soluble varnishes on... 

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