Of slash pine

Xyloisosaccharinic acid [2,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butanoic acid] is one of the major, alkaline-degradation products of wood xylan, in particular, that of birch. The disaccharide, 2-O-D-xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose, which was isolated as a hydrolysis product of corn-cob hemicellulose, is readily degraded at 100° in 15 mM Ca(OH)2 to acidic products, primarily saccharinic acids. Xylan oligosaccharides from corn-cob hemicellulose produced 2,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)buta-noic acid when exposed to 0.02 M Ca(OH)2 at 25°. However, it was noted that the xylan, itself, was stable at 100° in Af NaOH. The major acidic component of the hemicellulose fraction of slash pine Pinus el-liotti) after acid hydrolysis was identified as 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic... 

The first evidence for chemical linkage between D-mannose and D-glucose residues in wood polysaccharides came from the isolation, after partial hydrolysis of slash-pine a-cellulose,112 of a disaccharide containing both sugar residues. Anthis118 subsequently showed that two disaccharides, 4-0-/3-D-... 

Lesney, M.S. 1990. Polycation-like behaviour of chitosan on suspension-cultured derived protoplasts of slash pine. Phytochemical, 29 1123-1125. 

J. H. Morton, T. Cooke, and S. A. S. Akers, Performance of slash pine fibers in fiber cement products, Constr. Build. Mater. 24(2),165-170. (2010). 

One-year-old plants of slash pine had increased oleoresin production after flooding [63], Site fertilization increased constitutive flow of resin in 6-year-old loblolly pine [72], but reduced it in 11-year-old plants [22], Rates of monoterpenes emission increased exponentially with temperature in slash pine [70] and P. halepensis [66], However, variable emissirm responses were observed in Aleppo pine plants after exposure to different irradiance levels and limited water availability [66], Light and water stresses reduced the constitutive level of monoterpene cyclase activity in Grand fir saplings [62], Highest production of oleoresin in slash pine was observed in spring [54, 73] when compared to other seasons examined. 

McReynoIds RD (1971) Heritability and seasonal changes in viscosity of slash pine oleoresin. USDA Forest Service Research Note SE-155, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina... 

Popp MP, Johnson JD, Lesney MS (1995) Characterization of the induced response of slash pine to inoculation with bark beetle vectored fungi. Tree Physiol 15(9) 619-623... 

Slash pine, Pinus ellottii, acute single exposure of 3 Gy 50% dead 1-4 months after exposure no other deaths in 2 years 2... 

Hollis and associates (TD investigated the allelopathic effect of nine of the most abundant herbaceous and shrubby understory associates in Lower Coastal Plain flatwoods pine stands on germination, radicle extension, and shoot growth of slash and loblolly pine. They identified lyonia (Lyonia lucida) as a strong inhibitor of both pine species. Subsequent field studies confirmed that lyonia reduced the growth of planted slash pine. Few studies have followed lab or greenhouse results with corroboration from field studies. Fewer yet have adequately traced the path of allelochemicals in the environment. 

This palm is native to the southeastern United States, from Florida to North Carolina. It grows in coastal dune areas and inland pine woodlands, often forming dense, impenetrable thickets in the understory of pines, such as slash pine (Pirns elliottii) and longleaf pine (Pirns palustris). 

Tingey, D. T M. Manning, L. C. Grothaus, and W. F. Burns, Influence of Light and Temperature on Monoterpene Emission Rates from Slash Pine, Plant Physiol, 65, 797-801 (1980). 

Hebb, E. A., and A. F. Clew ell. 1976. A remnant stand of old-growth slash pine in the Florida Panhandle. Bull, of the Torrey Bot. Club 103 1-9. 

Analysis of MnSCL tracer from cylindrical samplers revealed that a high percentage of the spray was unaccounted for only a few feet below the canopy top. A few feet below the canopy top, 67 to 75 percent of the spray was unaccounted for in the slash pine, and 75 to 83 percent was unaccounted for in the Ocala sand pine. Approximately 20 feet below the canopy top 77 to 90 percent of the spray was unaccounted for in the slash pine, and 85 to 95 percent in the Ocala sand pine. This trend was consistent from trial to trial and tree to tree. Results are given in Table VI. 

The high percent of unaccounted spray is likely due to filtration of the spray by foliage, and not to drift or evaporation. The effect was pronounced in the Ocala sand pine, a more densely foliated species than the slash pine. Dense foliage acts as fibers in a filter. As the number of fibers increase there are fewer open spaces for drops to penetrate without colliding with a fiber, in this case a needle. As the foliage collects drops at the upper crown there are fewer available to the lower crown levels. These results suggest that pines, even with their sparse foliage compared to spruce and fir, are efficient collectors of spray drops. 

The Florida seed orchard project conducted in 1980 (16) provided an opportunity to study drop deposit on needles of two distinct pine species. Five gallons of a dyed water base tank mix was applied per acre by aircraft. Drop stains were counted on needles microscopically. The VMD of the spray as determined on Kromekote cards was approximately 350 ym. Depending upon tree species and crown level, drop stains per centimeter length of needle ranged from 0.5 to 17.7 drops. A higher drop density was observed on the sparsely foliated slash pine than on the dense foliated Ocala sand pine (Table XI). A significantly greater density of drops was observed in the upper crown of both species as compared to the lower crown. 

Figure 6 shows observed and model calculated deposition at the top of the slash pine canopy for Trial 6. The mass median diameter drop for Trial 6 was 583 ym. The ratio of the average measured deposition to the average model-calculated deposition is about 1.3 for this trial. Observed and model calculated... 

Figure 6. Observed and model calculated deposition at the top of the slash pine canopy for Trial 6, Withlacoochee Spray Trials.

Several companies, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, have been studying the effectiveness of paraquat in enhancing the quantity of chemicals produced in slash and loblolly pine trees. Results over the last 6 years show that there can be a positive effect and that beta-pinene is preferentially produced in slash pines by treatment with paraquat. Results reported on loblolly pine show an increase of 50% in tall oil content when correctly applied. The expected increase... 

Some pine species can be induced to exude pathological resin by wounding living trees. This exuded oleoresin is collected manually. Tar and pitch isolated from this gum was originally used for the protection and tightening of the hulls of wooden ships and for the preservation of ropes ("Naval stores") and gave rise to the so-called naval stores industry. Centered in the southeastern longleaf and slash pine areas of the United States this industry... 

The industry is centered in the southeastern United States and is confined to the longleaf and slash pine areas. There is also a small, but locally important, naval-stores-producing area in the Landes region of southwestern France, based on the maritime pine. 

This conclusion is not contrary to other recognized facts relating to the mannan of wood. Even the most severely refined, softwood pulps still retain a certain amount of mannan. Wise and Ratliff extracted slash-pine holo-cellulose with 16% potassium hydroxide, and treated the residue repeatedly with fresh charges of boiling 5% sulfuric acid. A large part of the origina... 

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