Soap, curd

Kem, m. nucleus kernel, pip, stone pith core heart gist (Soap) curd. 

Whereas amphoteric surfactants are somewhat outside the scope of this book, amphoteric LSDAs are included here since they were investigated in the course of continuing research by the USDA team. Thus Parris and coworkers found that the sulfobetaine derivatives of fatty amides, in combination with soap, effectively dispersed soap curd [20]. They are synthesized as follows ... 

Unpleasant feeling. Hard water gives the symptom of soap curd and scum in bathtubs, and is caused by calcium and magnesium salts. 

Soaps react with the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water to produce soap curd that greatly reduces its effectiveness. The curds are actually insoluble calcium and magnesium salts. Synthetic laundry detergents have replaced soap for cleaning clothes in the last half century. Synthetic detergents are made from petroleum. They work like soap except they do not react with magnesium and calcium ions to form insoluble precipitates and salts. 

Pm cine Soap.—Curd soap, fifty pounds cocoa nut oil soap,t ie same quantity, molted to paste and crutched with ten to twenty pounds of finely bolted pumice-stone powder. The perfume is a mixture of attars of thyme, Cassia, caraway, and lavender, each one pound. 

Palm Soap.—Curd soap, made of a mixture of one-half lard, one-third bleached palm oil, and the remainder olive oil or spermaceti, constitutes the body of palm soap. Ite natural odor is that of the violet, which is sometimes stimulated by the addition of a little attar of portugal, with a lesser portion of attar of cloves. 

AJ TIE A PIECE OF CHEESE CLOTH OVER THE TOP OF A JAR. POUR THE SALT SOLUTION WITH THE SOAP CURDS INTO CHEESE CLOTH AND LET SALT SOLUTION DRAIN OFF. WASH THE SOAP BY POURING TWO TEST TUBES OF ICE-COLD WATER THROUGH IT TO REMOVE MOST OF THE SALT THAT S STILL ON IT. 

A mixture of soap crystals in a saturated solution in which the soap crystals produce a gel-like consistency. The soap crystals in this case are referred to as curd-fibres . Soap curd is not a mesomorphic (liquid-crystal) phase. 

Crude soap curds contain glyccrtil and excess alkali as well as soap but can be purified Iry boiling with water and adding NaCl or KCl to precipitate the pure carboxylate salts. The smooth soap that precipitates is dried, perfumed, and pressed into bars for household use. Dyes are added to make colored soaps, antiseptics are added for medicated soaps, pumice is added for scourirg soaps, and air is blown in for soaps lhat float. Regardless of these extra treatments and regardless of price, though, all soaps are basically the same. 

Hard water is water that is rich in the salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron. The cations of hard water combine with fatty acid anions from soap to form insoluble salts known as curd or soap curd. In areas with particularly hard water, these precipitates can be seen as gray rings around bathtubs and sinks. 

B) Salt-I-curd + saturated lye electrolyte solution, (C) Grained soap (curd) on lye, (D) Neat soap (lamellar, L )+lye-F curd, (E) Neat soap on lye, (F) Neat soap on nigre (Lj), (G) Nigre on laye, (H) Salt- saturated solution containing traces of soap. 

Soaps from oils and fats most likely to be encountered in pharmaceutical preparations are those of castor oil (iodine value of fatty acids, 87 to 93) coconut oil (iodine value of fatty acids, 8 to 9) palm-kernel oil (iodine value of fatty acids, 12) cottonseed oil (iodine value of fatty acids. 111 to 115) tallow (used for curd soap iodine value of fatty acids, 35 to 41). Soaps made from the first three oils mentioned are commonly encountered in saponaceous disinfectants. The official soaps (Curd Soap, J5.P.C., made from sodium hydroxide and purified animal fat Hard Soap, P.P.C., from sodium hydroxide and a suitable vegetable oil Soft Soap, P.P., from potassium or sodium hydroxide and a suitable vegetable oil) should all be free from resin. 

Soaps which are prepared accordinji to the old pn -cess contain only very little f,dycorino tlie manui ac-ture of these soaps (curd soaps) is accomplisliod hy saponifying the fat with lye previously obtained from wood ashes (potash lye), and the soap so formed is by the addition of cooking salt transformed into soda soap, and this, by adding an excess of cooking salt, is separated (salted out). 

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