Recent developments concerning research

Since the nineties of the last century, research groups around the world have explored the application of nanocapsules as nanoreactors, i.e. reaction vessels for chemical transformations, and the influence of different cavity effects." In this chapter the focus will mainly be on recent developments concerned with synthetic nanoreactors that can be obtained in a selective and controlled manner through the use of self-assembly principles and rational design, and on their application as catalytically active capsules for respective chemical reactions. For the sake of clarity, each specific type of nanoreactor will be discussed in a separate section. Particular types of nanocapsules to be reviewed include assemblies held together by hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand interactions and hydrophobic... 

This review will be concerned with the recent development and research of LiFeP04 cathode materials with emphasis on synthesis method and how to improve electrochemical performance. Here we will also draw the cathode performance from examples taken from our own work. This contribution consists of five sections. Section 1 is entitled Introduction, The following section (Section 2) describes the synthesis method. Section 3 focuses on how to improve electrochemical performance. Section 4 provides summary and future prospects. Section 5 is acknowledgments. 

Years of development have led to a standardized system for objective evaluation of fabric hand (129). This, the Kawabata evaluation system (KES), consists of four basic testing machines a tensile and shear tester, a bending tester, a compression tester, and a surface tester for measuring friction and surface roughness. To complete the evaluation, fabric weight and thickness are determined. The measurements result in 16 different hand parameters or characteristic values, which have been correlated to appraisals of fabric hand by panels of experts (121). Translation formulas have also been developed based on required levels of each hand property for specific end uses (129). The properties include stiffness, smoothness, and fullness levels as well as the total hand value. In more recent years, abundant research has been documented concerning hand assessment (130—133). 

The concept of biochemical individuality has become part of most contemporary clinical and experimental medical and nutritional research. People are now known to fit into personally unique biochemical profiles based upon their own genetic structure, nutrition and environment.5 There is no such thing as a truly "normal" individualmeaning average. We are all biochemically unique and need to be dealt with as such. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) which were developed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council to establish the nutritional needs of "practically all healthy people" were not based upon the more recent information concerning the range of biochemical individuality among individuals. The RDAs that describe "normal" nutritional needs have questionable relevancy to the concept of optimal nutrition based upon individual needs. The contributions of Dr. Williams have opened the door for personally tailored nutritional and medical interventions that take biochemical individuality into account. 

A large fraction of the material science research, and an important chapter of solid state physics are concerned with interfaces between solids, or between a solid and a two dimensional layer. Solid state electronics is based on metal-semiconductor and insulator-semiconductor junctions, but the recent developments bring the interface problem to an even bigger importance since band gap engineering is based on the stacking of quasi two dimensional semiconductor layers (quantum wells, one dimensional channels for charge transport). 

Although there has heen a great deal of research concerning how platinum(II) complexes hind to biological molecules and the hkely mechanism of antitumor activity of these platinum-containing species, far less attention has heen paid to the properties of other metal complexes in this arena. Recent attention has fallen on cohalt(II)-Schiff hase complexes, as several have heen discovered to have promise as antiviral agents. A review of recent work has appeared elsewhere [64], so the topic will not he covered here however, in addition to focusing on recent developments, emphasis is placed on the introduction of the new head unit, 3,6-diformylpyridazine (13), into Schiff-hase macrocyclic electrochemistry. 

A large number of detectors has been designed for liquid chromatography and reported in the literature. Some of the ideas and concepts of several of these detectors will be described and those detectors which have potential for future work in trace analysis will be discussed. One very important area of research concerns reaction-type detection cells, and recent developments in this area will be examined in a later section. 

It may be mentioned that some ion-exchange resins having a poly(4-vinylpyridine) matrix partly quaternized with oa-aminoalkyl groups have been prepared and studied with interesting results, as far as their thermal regenerability is concerned 87). This is apparently a recent development of a wide research project on thermally regenerable ion-exchange resins 88>. 

It is my opinion that recent developments in the mathematical description of nonlinear dynamical systems have the potential for an enormous impact in the fields of fluid mechanics and transport phenomena. However, an attempt to assess this potential, based upon research accomplishments to date, is premature in any case, there are others better qualified than myself to undertake the task. Instead, I will offer a few general observations concerning the nature of the changes that may occur as the mathematical concepts of nonlinear dynamics become better known, better understood, more highly developed, and, lastly, applied to transport problems of interest to chemical engineers. 

An important future objective in the present field of research evidently concerns surface characterization during and after the anodic and open-circuit processes under consideration, not only as far as the surface composition is concerned, but also from the viewpoint of the surface microstructure and defect structure. Recently developed in-situ techniques such as FTIR, photocurrent imaging by laser scanning and STM may constitute excellent tools for this purpose. 

Up to this point in our discussion of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, our discussion has emphasized the body s neurochemical changes in response to Its ingestion of chemical compounds we call drugs. This emphasis is consistent with the content and long history of the research that has been done on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, a more recently developed and much smaller area of research is concerned with possible ethnic and cultural differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (Lin Poland, 1995). 

Whereas many of the social questions about marihuana are no longer being debated - e.g., does marihuana incite criminal behavior (it doesn t) is marihuana a "stepping stone" to heroin (it isn t) does marihuana unleash hitherto inhibited sexual passions (it doesn t) - there is still a considerable controversy about whether marihuana is medically safe. Questions about marihuana s botanical classification are still at matter of debate and there are still many other areas of debate concerning cannabis. In the remaining pages of this book, some of the recent developments in cannabis research and some of the major controversies associated with marihuana use today will be examined. 

Considerable effort has been devoted to finding alternative fibers or minerals to replace asbestos fibers in their applications. Such efforts have been motivated by various reasons, typically, availability and cost, and more recently, health concerns. During World War I, some countries lost access to asbestos fiber supplies and had to develop substitute materials. Also, in the production of fiber reinforced cement products, many developing countries focused on alternatives to asbestos fibers, in particular on cellulose fibers readily available locally at minimal cost. Since the 1980s however, systematic research has been pursued in several industrialized countries to replace asbestos fibers in all of their current applications because of perceived health risks. 

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