Stepping stones

That double bonded oxygen (a.k.a. ketone) is very amenable to attack and replacement and is the ideal stepping stone to final product. There are a variety of methods to accomplish this intermediate. Many of which Strike is now gonna iay on you ... 

Bromosafrole is a great stepping stone to final product and was, in fact, the exact precursor used by Merck who was the first person to synthesize MDMA. Until very recently it was the defacto method that most underground chemists started out with (Someone-Who-Is-Not-Strike included) because, at first glance, it seems so simple and uses basic chemicals and equipment. Once someone has the bromosafrole, all one has to do is just swap out that Br with simple ammonia or methylamine and the deed is done. 

This procedure is called chloromethylation and will not only turn 1,3-benzodioxole into a methyl chloride but will work equally well in converting plain old benzene into benzyl chloride. Both are important stepping stones towards the production of X and meth. For example, benzyl chloride is a schedule I controlled substance because it will beget benzaldehyde and phenylacetonitrile (a precursor for phenylacetic acid). 

Computer simulation can be used to provide a stepping stone between experiment and the simplified analytical descriptions of the physical behavior of biological systems. But before gaining the right to do this, we must first validate a simulation by direct comparison with experiment. To do this we must compare physical quantities that are measurable or derivable from measurements with the same quantities derived from simulation. If the quantities agree, we then have some justification for using the detailed information present in the simulation to interpret the experiments. 

Slater s Xa method is now regarded as so much history, but it gave an important stepping stone towards modem density functional theory. In Chapter 12, I discussed the free-electron model of the conduction electrons in a solid. The electrons were assumed to occupy a volume of space that we identified with the dimensions of the metal under smdy, and the electrons were taken to be non-interacting. 

Plate 5. A snapshot of David GrifFeath s Stepping Stone CA. The rule is defined as follows. First, choose a number between 0 and 1 to set the update probability p for all sites. For each site i, generate a random number 0 < pi < 1 at each time step. If Pi > p, change the color of the site to that of one of its (four nearest) neighbors selected at random. In effect, the Stepping Stone rule has each site randomly eat one of its neighbors. See http //psoup.math.wisc.edu/. 

Miller (1989) is the question of how such an ancient organism has come to exist on a comparatively new oceanic island. Long-distance dispersal is an unlikely explanation for the present situation. Dispersal over shorter distances from island to island seems a reasonable possibility, with subsequent disappearance of many, or apparently all in the present case, of the intermediate stepping stones. Invocation of island hopping, after all, has many precedents. As Miller (1989) pointed out, obviously some vascular plant lineages have survived, some of which may have histories that reach back to the Antarctic flora. Needless to say, deep phylogenetic analyses would be helpful in addressing this question. 

Another assumption that we professionals sometimes make is that we should be able to help our clients get better, when the reality is that they must help themselves. We can show them the door, but ultimately it is the clients who must walk through it to better health. When a person does not walk through the door, it is easy to personalize our responsibility for the lack of progress and get frustrated because we could not help him or her. Long-term frustration in working with clients can lead to apathy or disillusionment, stepping stones toward what some have called professional burnout. In my opinion, burnout occurs as a result of unrealistic expectations by professionals about their own abilities to help others and of unrealistic expectations for their clients to get better. The truth is that behavior change is completely up to the client. We can motivate and teach but we cannot force people to act. 

The Summer School on Green Chemistry has proved to be a stepping stone in the careers of many young researchers who wished to combine state-of-the-art research in chemistry with environmental awareness. It has also been central to a spontaneous network of scientists who practice green chemistry, and who found common ground for research, collaborations, and the teaching of green chemistry. 

In conclusion, while this is not an exhaustive list, it can serve as a stepping-stone for better multidisciplinary collaboration to combat the problem of PPCPs in the environment without compromising public health. The fact that PPCPs have been used for this long should not be a basis for complacency about their potential impact on the ecosystem and the well-being of organisms in the environment. 

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