Recent developments concerning

It is important to construct aligned CNT arrays in order to measure properties of individual tubes and to advance the development of electrical and/or electronic devices. From this viewpoint recent developments concerning CNT preparations involve the creation of aligned CNT bundles. 

The overall polymerization process is composed of three fundamental steps initiation, propagation, and termination. Recent developments concerned with each of these three steps will be discussed now in this order. 

Chemists have been working for a long time with particles having sizes of nanometers. The novelty of recent developments concerns the ability to make nanostructured substances with uniform particle sizes and in regular arrays. In this way it becomes feasible to produce materials that have definite and reproducible properties that depend on the particle size. The development began with the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Ijima in 1991 (Fig. 11.15, p. 116). 

The aim of this chapter is limited to reviewing some recent developments concerning luminescent dendrimers that can play the role of ligands and sensors for luminescent and nonluminescent metal ions, mainly investigated in our laboratories, with particular references to transition metal or lanthanide ions. We will not discuss dendrimers constituted by polypyridine metal complexes [21] and porphyrins [22] since it is outside the scope of the present paper. 

The most recent development concerns the heterocyclic (amino)(ylide)carbenes AYC. Such compounds have been known for some years [203] but so far had little impact compared to their diamino stabilized relatives. Both phosphorus ylide (86) and sulfur ylide (87) stabilized AYC ligands have been generated in situ and were stabilized at suitable metal centers (Fig. 27) [204, 205]. The palladium complex 88 with an anionic (amino) [bis(ylide)]carbene is also known [206]. 

A recent development concerns the use of polyanions of the type [XMi 039M (0H2)]". In this type, the M atom easily becomes coordinatively unsaturated by dehydration (255). The resulting dehydrated anion, [XMhOjqM ]", can be considered an inorganic metalloporphyrin analog (322, 364, 365). Oxidation catalysis by these polyanions is described in Sections VIII and IX. Here, the catalytic performance and stability are compared with that of metalloporphyrin. 

One of the recent developments concerns the solution of some technical problems so that the DDM codes can be run by the graduate students. 

The aim of this review is to relate on the most recent developments concerning the chemistry of polymeric amines. Only those families of polymeric amines which have been extensively studied, and on which a sufficient amount of data is available to allow a fairly complete picture of their behaviour in solution, will be considered. 

This chapter relates to some recent developments concerning the physics of out-of-equilibrium, slowly relaxing systems. In many complex systems such as glasses, polymers, proteins, and so on, temporal evolutions differ from standard laws and are often much slower. Very slowly relaxing systems display aging effects [1]. This means in particular that the time scale of the response to an external perturbation, and/or of the associated correlation function, increases with the age of the system (i.e., the waiting time, which is the time elapsed since the preparation). In such situations, time-invariance properties are lost, and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) does not hold. 

Polymerization of vinyl ethers (VE) has been the subject of a considerable amount of theoretical studies. These monomers can be polymerized through radical initiation but the reaction is very slow and leads only to oligomers. Cationic polymerization initiated by a wide variety of Lewis acids is much more efficient and definitely preferred for homopolymer synthesis. Detailed theoretical aspects, and particularly recent developments concerning the controlled/living cationic polymerization of these monomers, have been discussed as well in previous exhaustive review [1,13,98,99] as in the present book (Chapters 4 and 5), and they will no longer be considered here. 

DNA bases is also obtained by electrochemical activation of [Rn(bpy)3] +. Recent developments concern the damage to DNA sites from a distance site damage up to 200 A away from the site of intercalation of the metal oxidant has been reported (see Long-range Electron Transfer in Biology). One of the main challenges now is to use these molecules in... 

Polypropylene homopolymer (PP) is a widely used thermoplastic material, despite its brittle behaviour at either low temperature or high loading rates. Improvement in the fi acture toughness of PP can be achieved by either modifying the crystalline structure, or addition of a second phase material [16], The toughening effect and mechanisms of different second phase materials such as stiff fibres, soft rubbery inclusions (EPR, EPDM), and some mineral fillers have been analysed. Recent developments concern the effect of hybrid system consisting of rigid and rubbery inclusions. 

In both PEMFCs and SOFCs, there is a strong need to improve the electrolyte materials and to find substitutes for the traditional electrolytes, which are Nafion for the PEMFC and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) for the SOFC. In this paper, we will focus on the discussion of new developments in the field of SOFC electrolytes. For recent developments concerning other fuel cell types, the reader is referred to review articles and books. " ... 

Small angle scattering has been used extensively to analyse a wide range of porous materials (ceramics, carbons, oxide gels, cement, bone materials, etc.) [96-99], An important and recent development concerns the investigation of materials which contains an oriented porous texture, such a fibres and layer-... 

Transition metal catalyzed decomposition of unsaturated a-diazo ketones or a-diazo esters is a powerful method for the synthesis of certain 2-oxobicyclo[n.l.0]alkanes. In contrast to the thermal (see Section 1.2.1.2.4.2.6.1.) and photochemical (see Section I.2.I.2.4.2.6.2.) methods, which have only been applied successfully in a few cases, the carbenoid version has been extensively utilized for the construction of simple or highly substituted bicyclic, tricyclic or higher systems of predictable stereochemistry (for reviews, see refs 2, 82, 320). Several of the cyclopropanes so obtained have been transformed further into natural products with diverse molecular skeletons. As examples and procedures have already been presented in Houben-Weyl, Vol. E19b, ppl088ffand 1271 ff, only some important aspects concerning the scope and limitation of the method as well as recent developments concerning its stereochemistry will be discussed here. 

Ray reviews some recent developments concerning the design of novel materials with large NLO effects. He considers a series of organic salts and various organometallic derivatives where it was found that metal-to-ligand charge-transfer has a dominant contribution to the second-order NLO response. He also discusses the first hyperpolarizability of several retinal derivatives, ionic octupolar molecules and zwitterionic derivativatives. Solvent effects on NLO properties are also reviewed. 

Kagechika, H. and Shudo, K. (2005) Synthetic retinoids recent developments concerning structure and clinical utility. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48, 5875-5883. 

In this section we will present the recent developments concerning first acrylates and second fluoroacrylates. 

Some recent developments concerning macromolecular quantum chemistry, especially the first linear-scaling method applied successfully for the ab initio quality quantum-chemistry computation of the electron density of proteins, have underlined the importance and the applicability of quantum chemistry-based approaches to molecular similarity. These methods, the linear-scaling numerical Molecular Electron Density Lego Approach (MEDLA) method [6 9] and the more advanced and more generally applicable linear-scaling macromolecular density matrix method called Adjustable Density Matrix Assembler or ADMA method [10,11], have been employed for the calculation of ab initio quality protein electron densities and other... 

T. S. Light and A. J. de Bethune, Recent Developments Concerning the Signs... 

More recent developments concern the photochromic borosilicate glasses containing silver-molybdate and tungstate [45] or copper- and cadmium-halides [46,47] instead of silver halides. The glasses have a similar spectral sensitivity but show a stronger proportionality between light intensity and darkening. 

The Kishi <88Ml 80l-02> synthesis follows route D, Here only some recent developments concerning routes A and B will be discussed. 

A promising recent development concerns the use of semiempirical NDDO methods with specific reaction parameters (NDDO-SRP) [144-147] in direct dynamics calculations. In these studies the parameters in the standard AMI method are carefully adjusted to optimize the potential surface for an individual reaction or a set of related reactions (typically allowing parameter variations up to 10% from the original values). When adjusting with respect to experimental data, NDDO-SRP is required to reproduce the exothermicity and the barrier (or rate constant) of the reaction investigated. Under these circumstances NDDO-SRP then predicts reasonable transition structures and force fields for the reaction which is consistent with previous experience [48,49]. Direct dynamics calculations on such NDDO-SRP surfaces have provided very encourag-... 

Since the nineties of the last century, research groups around the world have explored the application of nanocapsules as nanoreactors, i.e. reaction vessels for chemical transformations, and the influence of different cavity effects." In this chapter the focus will mainly be on recent developments concerned with synthetic nanoreactors that can be obtained in a selective and controlled manner through the use of self-assembly principles and rational design, and on their application as catalytically active capsules for respective chemical reactions. For the sake of clarity, each specific type of nanoreactor will be discussed in a separate section. Particular types of nanocapsules to be reviewed include assemblies held together by hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand interactions and hydrophobic... 

The most recent developments concerning statehood have... 

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