Research evidence and

An evidence-based practitioner mnst understand the patient s circumstances or predicament identify Icnowledge gaps and frame questions to fill those gaps conduct an efficient literature search critically appraise the research evidence and apply that evidence to patient care. ... 

The resources required to develop, implement, and evaluate programmes using this model are substantial. Thus, the model is intended for large-scale collaborative projects, in which centralised researchers support the technical development (e.g. summarise the research evidence and develop measures) and local teams throughout a hospital perform the adaptive work (engage staff in the project, tailor interventions to fit the local work processes, and identify how to modify work so that all patients can receive the intervention). 

Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and as a suspected human carcinogen by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). This is based on limited human evidence and on sufficient evidence in experimental animals (136). Lifetime inhalation studies with rodents have shown nasal cancer at formaldehyde concentrations that overwhelmed cellular defense mechanisms, ie, 6 to 15 ppm. No nasal cancer was seen at 2 ppm or lower levels (137). 

Phenyl-ethyl alcohol, or benzyl carbinol, has been known for many years, but its powerful rose odour has been entirely overlooked, its discovery having been made by an ordinary research chemist and not a perfumery expert. Its preparation was described in the Berichte (9, 373) in 1876, but the product there noted was evidently impure, as its boiling-point is recorded as 212°. Commercial specimens vary greatly in both their odour and their keeping properties, some samples deteriorating in odour very rapidly. It is, therefore, very important to -obtain it in a state of the highest purity. It has the following characters —... 

The pursuit of operations research consists of (a) the judgment phase (what are the problems ), (b) the research phase (how to solve these problems), and (c) the decision phase (how to act on the finding and eliminate the problems). These phases require the evaluation of objectives, analysis of an operation and the collection of evidence and resources to be committed to the study, the (mathematical) formulation of problems, the construction of theoretical models and selection of measures of effectiveness to test the models in practice, the making and testing of hypotheses as to how well a model represents the problem, prediction, refinement of the model, and the interpretation of results (usually as possible alternatives) with their respective values (payoff). The decision-maker generally combines the findings of the... 

Since we have previously touched on this topic, you will probably remember that occurrences of this kind are very rare indeed - so to begin with, you can reassure those concerned of this fact. To back this up, it would be good if you found research evidence or anecdotal reports from other companies or divisions that nm mentoring schemes. Next, you should also formulate program guidelines stating that sexual relationships between mentors and mentees are prohibited, and that the onset of such a relationship wiU lead to the immediate termination of the mentoring association. 

Bodner and Domin (2000) provide research evidence that even some university students do not find it easy to visualise these stractures. Students were asked to give the systematic names of the compounds whose molecules were represented as in Fig. 1.10. 

If different disciplines pursue knowledge of their respective subject fields by means of different substantive [subjstructures, it follows that there may be major differences between one discipline and another in the manner and the extent to which each can verily its knowledge (...). Further, the kind of evidence, and the degree to which it is evidential, required by different researches within the natural sciences differ markedly from field to field (biology against physics, for example) and even within researches within a field . 

Taylor, M.R. and Harrison, RT.C. (1999). Ecological effects of endocrine disruption Current evidence and research priorities. Chemosphere 39, 1237-1248. 

Any formal models of the conduct of research work and success are often soft or fuzzy in nature, and so may be distrusted by those used to hard evidence. There is a particular distrust of opaque, black box solutions, and numerate managers rightly demand to see the detailed assumptions made in any decision analysis. The most controversial assumptions tend to be those about project future costs, chance of success, and potential value within drug... 

It is essential that, with the use of evidence-based medicine to inform decisions in health care, the processes used in program development be as transparent as possible. Information about the limited evidence and inherent uncertainty should be disclosed and available for scrutiny, even within the software itself. In fact, in an attempt to maximize transparency, some have advocated open source development and publication of interactive software models [49, 50]. Certainly, details of methodologies, sources, and other techniques employed for development of the underlying models must be acknowledged. However, the proprietary nature of many of these programs must be taken into consideration and measures put into place to ensure confidentiality. Requested publication of all NIH-sponsored research online (in PubMed) [51] within a reasonable time frame after journal acceptance will help to ensure that these data are available in the public domain in short order. 

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report ... 

In a recent study of range cattle, the overall prevalence of serotype 0157 H7 from fecal samples was 1 % and this parameter was only 0.6% in animals that were on cow-calf pasture (Renter et al., 2003). New Zealand is a major cattle producing country that relies mostly on pasture feeding, but epidemiological evidence and cattle surveys suggested that the prevalence of E. coli 0157 H7 appears to be extremely low in that country (Cook, personal communication). Other researchers reported only two 0157-positive animals in a study that included 531 cattle in 55 dairy farms (Buncic and Avery, 1997). In studies conducted by New Zealand s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, E. coli 0157 H7 was never detected from a total of 3000 bovine and 500 ovine carcasses (Cook, personal communication). Based on these reports, it is apparent that cattle fed pasture had a lower 0157 H7 prevalence, but further work is needed to determine if the effect is due to the pasture feed itself or to the physical separation of the animals. 

With this evidence of disease relevance, discovering and developing high-quality chemical probes [23] of PMTs has been gaining momentum in both the academic research community and the pharmaceutical industry. Progress in this area is keenly awaited. 

Previous studies of Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) have used a correlation between the mass of a gas in the cloud and equivalent mass of TNT to predict explosion overpressures. This was always thought to give conservative results, but recent research evidence indicates that this approach is not accurate to natural gas and air mixtures. The TNT models do not correlate well in the areas near to the point of ignition, and generally over estimate the level of overpressures in the near field. Experiments on methane explosions in "unconfined" areas have indicated a maximum overpressure of 0.2 bar (2.9 psio). This overpressure then decays with distance Therefore newer computer models have been generated to better simulate the effects... 

By best research evidence Sackett means clinically relevant research, often from the basic sciences of medicine, but especially from patient centred clinical research into the accuracy and precision of diagnostic tests (including the clinical examination), the power of prognostic markers, and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic,... 

This Chapter contains most of the papers on pseudocationic polymerisations from the writer s research group and, because the experimental evidence plays such an important part in this story, it includes, exceptionally, the experimental papers which led Professor Gandini and the writer to devise the pseudocationic theory in the 1960s. Also, because of numerous misunderstandings, it is appropriate to include here an account of the circumstances surrounding the origin and fate of the pseudocationic theory of polymerisation. 

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