Proteus species

The LPS from Proteus species contain amino acids linked as amides to acidic sugars. Thus, L-lysine is linked by way of N-6 to a D-galacturonic acid residue (52) in the LPS from P. hauseri, but by way of N-2 to a D-glucu-ronic acid residue in the LPS from P. mirabilis 027. The latter LPS also contains L-alanine, linked to the carboxyl group of a D-galacturonic acid residue. 

Enterobacter species Proteus species Serratia species Legionella pneumophila... 

Urinary tract infections are very commonly caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, the Proteus species and Pseudomonas species. 

Escherichia coli, Proteus species, and Enterobacter 382 to 764 mg 4 times daily. 

Urinary tract infections Nalidixic acid is indicated for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by susceptible gram-negative microorganisms, including the majority of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species. Perform disc susceptibility testing with the 30 meg disc prior to administration of the drug and during treatment if clinical response warrants. 

Third-generation cephalosporins have a much broader spectrum of activity. They are effective against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia and indole-positive Proteus species and they are also very effective against H. influenzae. However, their activity against S. aureus is somewhat less. 

B. Proteus species produce urease (A) that produces ammonia and urea, alkalizing urine. Urine requires acidification for effective therapy. Hippuric (B), mandelic, or ascorbic acids or methionine are urinary acidifying agents. The normal acidic urinary environment is disturbed by recurrent Proteus in-... 

It is a penicillinase susceptible and is principally indicated for serious infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is effective against certain other gram negative bacilli including Proteus species and Bacteroides fragilis. 

Class Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics with activity against Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coii. Proteus species, Providencia species, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter speaes, Serratia species, Acinetobacter species, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus species Aminoglycosides generally have a low level of activity against grampositive organisms Lo o u c <... 

Triclosan (2,4,4,-trichloro-2/-hydroxydiphenylether) is an antiseptic suitable for formulation in a W/O emulsion with excellent antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo against S. aureus, Klebsiella and Proteus species 26 In addition, it has been shown to be effective for eradication of MRSA as well as fungi. Triclosan does not have irritative, phototoxic or allergic, nor mutagenic or teratogenic potential the toxicity in general is low and so is the sensitizing potential.27-29 Triclosan and similar additives (e.g., triclocarban) have demonstrated antibacterial and antiinflammatory efficacy when used as an antiseptic wash.28,30... 

Enterobacter species Acinetobacter species Salmonella species Proteus species Klebsiella species Serratia marcescens respiratory tract infections endophthalmitis... 

Polymyxin B is bactericidal fc>r most gram-negative organisms, especially Haemophilus and Pseudomonas species. Neisseria and Proteus species, however, are resistant. Combining polymyxin B with bacitracin or trimethoprim achieves broad-spectrum antibacterial activity for treating acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Because it is not absorbed through mucous membrane or skin tissue, polymyxin B is used primarily for superficial infections.Adverse reactions are rare. 

Kanamycin can be used for short-term treatment of severe infections caused by susceptible strains (for example Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Mima-Elerellea) that are resistant to other less ototoxic aminoglycosides. It is not indicated for long-term therapy, for example in tuberculosis. 

Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Escherichia coli Klebsiella species Proteus species Morganella morganii Neisseria gonorrhoeae... 

Proteus species Negative Urinary tract infections... 

Activity includes gram-positive cocci (not MRSA), E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and some Proteus species. Common use in surgical prophylaxis. None enter CNS. Includes cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine. 

Further studies of a-substituted benzylpenicillins led to the independent discovery by Pfizer and Beecham chemists of carbenicillin (< -car-boxybenzylpenicillin) (Figure 19) (89, 90), in which the gram-negative spectrum is extended still further (to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the ampicillin-insensitive indole-positive Proteus species). 

These are more active than first-generation cephalosporins against certain Gram-negative organisms, including Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter species, indolepositive Proteus species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species. Third-generation cephalosporins are ... 

Nitrofurantoin (50 to 100 mg q.i.d.) is indicated in the treatment of urinary tract infections due to susceptible strains of E. coli, enterococci, S. aureus, and certain strains of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus species. 

Ticarcillin, extended-spectrum penicillin, alpha-carbox-ypenicillin, is indicated for the treatment of bacterial septicemia, skin and soft-tissue infections, acute and chronic respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species (both indole-positive and indole-negative), and Escherichia coli and for genitourinary tract infections (complicated and uncomplicated) due to susceptible strains of P. aeruginosa, Proteus species (both indole-positive and indole-negative), E. coli, Enterobacter, and Streptococcus faecalis (enterococcus). 

Clostridium tyrobutyricum, C. kluyveri, C. formicoaceticum or C. thermoaceticum are strict anaerobes. Proteus species are facultative microorganisms since they are able to grow in the complete absence of oxygen as well as in its presence. The expression of some redox enzymes in facultative anaerobes is quite different depending on aerobic or anaerobic growth conditions of the cells. As an example the application of two anaerobically grown Proteus species will be given. 

Also very different (7 )-2-hydroxy carboxylates could be dehydrogenated on a preparative scale. Scheme 4 summarises the unusually broad range of applications. With R)-2-hydroxy-3-enoiccarboxylates (43) we performed a series of reactions which led to highly fimctionalised acids with 3 chiral centres (44,45) (Table 13). The product of 22 (Table 10) was used to prepare various 5-methoxy-pentano-1,4-lactones (45). Tables 10, 11, 15 and 16 give an impression and suggestions for applications of Proteus species with other substrates. 

Other enzymes that may play a role clinically are AAC(2 ), important in some Providencia and Proteus species, APH(3 ), and APH(3") (71). Others that have been observed include APH(2 ), APH(5 ), APH(6), ANT(4 ), ANT(3 ), and ANT(6). It has been suggested that, for effective resistance, an organism must have both impaired aminoglycoside transport and levels of aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes such that the rate of inactivation in the cytoplasm is greater than the rate of influx (68). 

This enzyme splits urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide (Figure 6.3). The carbon dioxide is released and the ammonia raises the pH of the medium turning any indicator present alkaline. The test is used widely to distinguish Proteus species from other Gram-negative rods. A heavy inoculum is used and a positive result is frequently obtained within 2-3 hours. 

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