Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Kuno S, A Bacher, H Simon (1985) Structure of enoate reductase from a Clostridium tyrobutyricum (C. spec. Lai). Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 366 463-472. 

Figure 10.16 Metabolism of glucose or lactic acid by Clostridium tyrobutyricum with the production of butyric acid, C02 and hydrogen gas.

Hydrolytic rancidity flavor defects in Swiss, brick, and Cheddar cheeses have been linked to high concentrations of individual short chain free fatty acids (Woo et al 1984). Lipases from psychrotrophic bacteria have been implicated in causing rancidity in cheese (Cousin 1982 Kuzdzal-Savoie 1980), although most starter streptococci and lactobacilli isolated from cheese are also capable of hydrolyzing milk fat (Paulsen et al. 1980 Umemoto and Sato 1975). Growth of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in Swiss cheese causes the release of butyric acid and subsequent rancid-off flavors (Langsrud and Reinbold 1974). The endogenous lipoprotein lipase is also responsible for hydrolytic rancidity in nonpasteurized milk. 

Wu, Z.T. and Yang, S.T. (2003) Extractive fermentation for butyric add production from glucose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 82, 93. 

Reduction of microorganisms in milk before cheese production must be achieved in such a way that the functionality of the milk proteins is not affected. Heat-resistant spores, such as Clostridium tyrobutyricum and C. sporogenes can cause severe spoilage of the cheese by late fermentation that can result in the production of H2 and CO2 gases, and unpleasant smelling fermentation products [102]. Although heat sterilization reduces these spores, because of the heat-induced complexation between 3-Lg and K-casein, UHT milk normally does not form a rennet gel and consequently could not be used efficiently for cheesemaking [87]. 

There is a similar outcome in the reduction of 2,4-hexanedione. As for /J-keto esters, the culture conditions can play an important role in the course of a reaction. If the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tyrobutyricum is grown on glucose, 2,4-pentanedione is reduced to a mixture of the (4S)- and (4/ )-4-hydroxy-2-pentanone (75 25) and the meso-2,4-diol (2R,45). If crotonate is used as the carbon source, only the (2S,4,V)-2,4-diol is obtained with high enantiomeric ex-... 

Clostridium tyrobutyricum, C. kluyveri, C. formicoaceticum or C. thermoaceticum are strict anaerobes. Proteus species are facultative microorganisms since they are able to grow in the complete absence of oxygen as well as in its presence. The expression of some redox enzymes in facultative anaerobes is quite different depending on aerobic or anaerobic growth conditions of the cells. As an example the application of two anaerobically grown Proteus species will be given. 

Table 2 reveals the multitude of catalysed reactions and Table 3 shows the surprising broad substrate specificity of enoate reductase from Clostridium tyrobutyricum DSM 1460. For a series of substrates Table 3 shows kinetic data (6,8,18,20,24). Only a few of these substrates can not be prepared in a sterical pure form with whole cells or crude extract from C. tyrobutyricum without additional measures. There are two aspects which have to be emphasized Whole cells contain a 2-enoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.8) besides enoate reductase (EC 1.3.1.31) (Scheme 3). After offering ( )-2-butenoate, ( )-... 

Clostridium tyrobutyricum or C. kluyveri cells are able to reduce allyl alcohols according to Reaction [15] ... 

Dependence of the productivity number on the pressure of hydrogen gas for the reduction of ( )-2-methyl-2-butenoate by Clostridium tyrobutyricum with and without methylviologen. 

Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC adhEl t / ack f Glucose 10.0 g/L Yuetal. (2011)... 

Yu MR, Du YM, Jiang WY, Chang WL, Yang ST, Tang IC. (2012). Effectsof differentreplicons in conjugative plasmids on transformation efficiency, plasmid stability, gene expression and n-butanol biosynthesis in Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 93, 881-889. 

Butyric acid Clostridium butyricum Clostridium tyrobutyricum Clostridium thermobutyricum... 

Zhang, Y. and Yang, S.-T. (2009) Metabolic engineering of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals, 3375890, 234. 

---