Staphylococcus species

Both microbial and host factors are important determinants in the development of osteomyelitis.2,3,9 Staphylococcus species possess bacterial adhesions, which promote their attachment to tissues and foreign devices. As such, S. aureus... 

Class Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics with activity against Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coii. Proteus species, Providencia species, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter speaes, Serratia species, Acinetobacter species, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus species Aminoglycosides generally have a low level of activity against grampositive organisms Lo o u c <... 

Shifts in the cutaneous microbiome have also been noted in chronic ulcer disease, such as those caused by venous stasis or diabetes (175). Patients with chronic ulcers treated with antibiotics have been shown to have an increased abundance of Pseudomonadaceae while an increase in Streptococcaceae has been noted in diabetic ulcers (175). A longitudinal shift in wound microbiota has also been shown to coincide with impaired healing in diabetic mice, and may interact with aberrantly expressed host cutaneous defense response genes leading to ulcerogenesis (176). When compared to controls, the feet of diabetic men has also been noted to have decreased populations of Staphylococcus species, a relative increase in the population of S. aureus and increased bacterial diversity, which may increase the risk for wound infections in diabetic patients (177). 

Other organisms responsible for UTIs are Staphylococcus species, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococci and Candida albicans. 

For many years S. aureus exotoxins have been considered the cause of associated conditions snch as blepharo-keratoconjunctivitis. It has been determined that all Staphylococcus species produce exotoxins, and becanse these species are foimd on the Uds of both normal and blepharitis patients, they are most likely not primarily responsible for the findings. More recent evidence suggests that an abnormal blink mechanism or destabilization of the tear film due to bacterial Upolytic enzyme pathways and increased hydrolysis of phosphoUpids may be the canse. It has also been shown that a delayed hypersensitivity to these toxins can prodnce the marginal keratitis seen in many patients. 

Becker K, Harmsen D, Mellmann A, Meier C, Schumann P, Peters G, von Eiff C (2004) Development and evaluation of a quality-controlled libosomal sequence database for 16S libosomal DNA-based identification of Staphylococcus species. J Clin Microbiol 42 4988-4995... 

Davis JP, Chesney PJ, Wand PJ, LaVenture M (1980) Toxic-shock syndrome epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention. N Engl J Med 303 1429-1435 de Buyser ML, Morvan A, Giimont F, el Solh N (1989) Characterization of Staphylococcus species by libosomal RNA gene restriction patterns. J Gen Microbiol 135 989-999 de la Puente R, Suarez G, Schleifer KH (1985) Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius subsp. 

Drancourt M, Raoult D (2002) rpoB gene sequence-based identification of Staphylococcus species. J Clin Microbiol 40 1333-1338... 

Ghebremedhin B, Layer F, Konig W, Konig B (2008) Genetic classification and distinguishing of Staphylococcus species based on different partial gap, 16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, sodA, and tuf gene sequences. J Clin Microbiol 46 1019-1025... 

Hallin M, Deplano A, Denis O, De Mendonca R, De Ryck R, Struelens MJ (2007) Validation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing for long-term, nationwide epidemiological surveillance studies of Staphylococcus aureus infections. J CUn Microbiol 45 127-133 Hamels S, Gala JL, Dufour S, Vannuffel P, Zammatteo N, Remade J (2001) Consensus PCR and microarray for diagnosis of the genus Staphylococcus, species, and methiciUm resistance. Biotechniques 31 1364-1366, 1368, 1370-1362... 

Rantsiou K, lacumin L, Cantoni C, Comi G, CocoUn L (2005) Ecology and characterization by molecular methods of Staphylococcus species isolated from fresh sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 97 277-284... 

Some Aspects of Human Disease and Staphylococcus Species Daryl S. Paulson... 

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, particularly S. epidermidis, are the most common causes of catheter-related bacteremia [25], Heavy colonization of the skin-insertion site has been shown to be strongly correlated with catheter-related bacteremia. In hemodialysis patients, the risk of S. aureus bacteremia is six times greater than in nonhemodialysis patients. And numerous incidents of intravascular infection have been traced to microbially contaminated topical disinfectants. 

Staphylococcus species are prominent pathogenic microorganisms encountered in postsurgical infections of normal individuals, in immunocompromised patients, and in elderly hospitalized medical patients [1], Staphylococcus species were among the earliest pathogenic bacteria characterized, and, aside from hospital-acquired infections, they are the most common cause of localized suppurative infections in humans. 

Staphylococcus species are relatively more resistant to heat, as well as various topical disinfectants and topical antimicrobials, than are most other pathogenic bacteria [4,5]. For example, many species of bacteria are killed when exposed to 60°C temperature for 30 minutes. However, comparable microbial reductions in Staphylococcus spp. may require exposure to a temperature of 80°C for 1 hour. And unlike many other pathogenic microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. will grow at 45°C, are relatively resistant to drying, and can remain viable for extended periods of time. 

Enterotoxins. Toxic proteins formed by bacteria with molecular masses in the range from 27000 to 30000 which are usually excreted into the medium ( exotoxins). E. can be taken up with contaminated food or be formed by the bacteria colonizing the intestinal walls. Finally, the bacteria can penetrate the intestinal walls and then start to excrete the E. Some E. are thermally very stable and survive when food is boiled. E. from Salmonella and Staphylococcus species are the most frequent causes of food poisoning. Shortly after uptake, the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and circulatory complaints occur. Deaths are rare and occur only when the subject is already in a weakened state. The sites of attack by E. vary, e.g., at intestinal epithelial cells or in the vegetative nervous system. For the production of antitoxins, E. are obtained by lysis of bacterial cells or from cell-free culture filtrates. E. have been detected, e. g., in the following bacterial species Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli. Vibrio cholerae. Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis. 

Active against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coii, Staphylococcus species, fungi, algae and yeasts... 

Xylitol is also beneficial in ear and upper respiratory irrfectiorrs. Xyhtol preverrts the growth of bacteria in the ear, not only in the mouth. When bacteria enter the body, they adhere to the tissues using a variety of sugar complexes, which is much more difficult in the presence of xylitol, which forms many different sugar-like structures that interfere with the ability of many bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus species) to adhere. 

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