Sensitization potential

Sensitization. The skin irritation and sensitization potentials of 9.0% thioglycolic acid were evaluated usiag the open epicutaneous test. Reactions were not observed dutiag the challenge phase. ThioglycoHc acid was an irritant, but not a sensitizer (20). 

Epoxy Phenol Novolak Resins. Acute oral studies indicate low toxicity for these resins (49). Eye studies indicate only minor irritation in animals (49). The EPN resins have shown weak skin-sensitizing potential in humans. 

Lisi P, Caraffmi S, Assalve D. 1987. Irritation and sensitization potential of pesticides. Contact Dermatitis 17 212-218. 

Kojic acid is a fungal metabolite (5-hydroxy-4 pyran 4-1-2 methyl) known to inhibit tyrosinase and used to treat melasma at concentration of 2-4% twice a day. The stability is one of its advantages if compared with hydroquinone. Unfortunately, it is considered to have a high sensitizing potential. 

The descriptors used should not be highly collinear with each other, for two reasons. First, this can lead to statistical instability and overprediction, and second, collinearity makes mechanistic interpretation difficult. For example, Cronin and Schultz [41] have pointed out that although a good correlation could be obtained between the skin sensitization potential and the hydrophobicity of a series of bromoalkanes, a correlation between skin sensitization potential and molecular weight had exactly the same statistics, because hydrophobicity and molecular weight are very highly correlated in homologous series. 

For each chemical class, a set of 4-7 key attributes were identified that can be used to differentiate a chemical from others in the same class. These may include biodegradability, aquatic toxicity, sensitization potential, renewable resource derived, and so forth. Each attribute was selected to be ... 

As mentioned previously (and discussed in detail in Sec. IX), contact lens products have specific guidelines that focus on compatibility with the contact lens and biocompatibility with the cornea and conjunctiva [75], These solutions are viewed as new medical devices and require testing with the contact lenses with which they are to be used. Tests include a 21-day ocular study in rabbits and employ the appropriate types of contact lenses with which they are to be used and may include the other solutions that might be used with the lens. Additional tests to evaluate cytotoxicity potential, acute toxicity, sensitization potential (allergenicity), and risks specific to the preparation are also required [75-77], These tests are sufficient to meet requirements in the majority of countries, though testing requirements for Japan are currently much more extensive. 

Ikarashi, Y., J. Momma, T. Tsuchiya, and A. Nakamura. 1996. Evaluation of skin sensitization potential of nickel, chromium, titanium and zirconium salts using guinea-pigs and mice. Biomaterials 17 2103-2108. 

Kimber, I. et al., Development of a murine local lymph node assay for the determination of sensitizing potential, I d. Chem. Toxic, 24, 585, 1986. 

Cell Culture Models for Evaluation of Sensitizing Potential... 

Cell Culture Models lor Evaluating the Sensitizing Potential ol Xenobiotics... 

Rougier, N.et al., In vitro evaluation of the sensitization potential of weak contact allergens using Langerhans-like dendritic cells and autologous T cells, Toxicology, 145, 73, 2000. 

Tuschl, H., Kovac, R. and Weber, E., The expression of surface markers on dendritic cells as indicators for the sensitizing potential of chemicals, Toxicol. In Vitro, 14, 541, 2000. 

Kanikkannan, N., et al., Evaluation of skin sensitization potential of jet fuels by murine local lymph node assay, Toxicol. Lett., 116, 165, 2000. 

More detailed information on methods to predict the sensitization potential of chemicals can be found in chapter 34. 

Kimber, I. and Dearman, R J., Investigation of lymph node cell proliferation as a possible immunological correlate of contact sensitizing potential. Fd Chem. Toxicol., 29, 125, 1991. 

Sarlo, K. and Ritz, H.L., Predictive assessment of respiratory sensitizing potential in guinea pigs, in Toxicology of Chemical Respiratory Hypersensitivity, Kimber, I., and Dearman, R.J., Eds., Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 107, 1997. 

Kimber, I. et al., Assessment of the skin sensitizing potential of topical medicaments using the local lymph node assay An inter-laboratory evaluation, J. Toxicol. Environ. Flealth 53, 563, 1998. 

Hilton, J. et al., Evaluation of the sensitizing potential of eugenol and isoeugenol in mice and guinea pigs. Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 571, 1996. 

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