Resistance effect

Reference No. (BS 3468 1974) Typical composition (%) Heat resistance Effect on mechanical properties Overall... 

Figure 4 Chemotaxis, nodulation, and phytoalexin resistance, effects of intermediates of phenylpropane-metabolism. (From Ref. 64.)...

As far as conductometry is concerned, there remain a few complications caused by processes at the electrodes, e.g., electrolysis above the decomposition voltage of the electrolyte with some liberation of decomposition products at the electrode, or apparent capacitance and resistance effects as a consequence of polarization of the electrode and exchange of electrons at its surface. In order to reduce these complications the following measures are taken ... 

In 1970 the Poison Prevention Packaging Act was passed. It provides for packaging designed and constructed to be difficult for young children to open within a reasonable time and that is not difficult for adults to use properly. Establishing child-resistance effectiveness in a flexible unitized package is considerably more complex and, in certain circumstances, more difficult than doing so with a child-resistant cap on a bottle [21]. 

Permonosulphuric acid treatment confers only a modest shrink-resist effect which usually needs to be improved by a subsequent additive treatment. It has been suggested [300] that the most likely mechanism for inhibiting felting by permonosulphuric acid treatment is the removal of degraded protein from below the exocuticle, producing a modified surface with a reduced differential friction. The direct formation from cystine residues of low concentrations of Bunte salts has been confirmed, as indicated in Scheme 10.42. 

Polyquaternary compound Shrink-resist effect after pre-oxidation Exceptional improvement in fastness All processing stages suitable Improves shrink-resist effect of polyether and polysiloxane types No improvement in handle Shrink-resist effect weaker than with other types Odour possible on chlorinated wool... 

Whilst elimination (by oxidation) or masking (by polymer deposition on the cuticular scales) are the accepted mechanisms by which shrink resistance is achieved, there is evidence that other factors need to be considered, particularly as it is possible to obtain a shrink-resist effect without degradation or masking of the scales. A review is available [310] of the mechanism of chlorine-based shrink-resist processes. 

Many of the syntan aftertreatments described in section 10.9.4 can be applied as pretreatments instead, mainly to confer dye-resist effects. This aspect is dealt with in section 10.9.4 rather than here. 

As already mentioned, some lubricants can be difficult to remove by washing and surfactants are often added to overcome this problem [463]. Lubricants can impair fastness properties, particularly those of disperse dyes. They may influence the uptake of dyes either positively or negatively, although seldom seriously except where it results in unlevelness. For example, knitting oils can increase the yield of relatively oleophilic reactive dyes on cotton and yet with highly hydrophilic types they may cause dye-resist effects [467]. 

The negative resistance effect is observed when anodic oxides are subjected to so-called electroforming (i.e., annealing in vacuum).93 Such a treatment removes the special features of the anodic oxides (asymmetry of conduction and electric strength, electret effect, etc.), and the negative resistance effect may be explained using the general approach developed for amorphous dielectrics.5... 

AC resistance effects are a little more complicated than that, I would have thought. 

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