Prostate cancer prediction

Lilja H, Ulmert D, Vickers AJ (2008) Prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer prediction, detection and monitoring. Nat Rev Cancer 8 268-278. Erratum in Nat Rev Cancer 8 403... 

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a useful marker for detecting prostate cancer at early stages, predicting outcome for localized disease, defining disease-free status, and monitoring response to... 

Neither DRE nor PSA is sensitive or specific enough to be used alone as a screening test.12 Although the relative predictability of DRE and PSA is similar, the tumors identified by each method are different. Catalona and associates13 confirmed that the combination of a DRE and a PSA determination is a better method of detecting prostate cancer than DRE alone. 

In summary, lycopene must have some specific effect on unknown cellular processes that control the modulation of multiple pathways. General properties, such as antioxidation or pro-oxidation, are unlikely to explain these effects. Since the activation, silencing or loss of pathway control is different for each cell type and its degree of transformation, we do not have enough information to predict whether lycopene may be beneficial or detrimental under different circumstances in various prostate cell lines and in the different stages of prostate cancer. 

Miyata, Y, H Sakai, T Hayashi, and H Kanetake. 2003. Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3/ prostate-specific antigen ratio is a useful predictive marker in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 54 125-132. 

Walker MG et al. Prediction of gene function by genome-scale expression analysis prostate cancer-associated genes. Genome Res 1999 9 1198-1203. 

In one study by Hood et al., 282 of 1153 identified proteins were identified by at least 2 unique tryptic peptides from FFPE prostate cancer (PCa) tissue.9 According to the gene ontology classification of the proteins identified, -65% of proteins were predicted to be intracellular proteins, while -50% of the total human proteome is predicted to be located in the intracellular compartment. Additionally, 20% of the proteins identified in the PCa tissue were classified as membrane proteins, which is significantly less than the predicted 40% for the human proteome. This relative disparity is not unexpected, considering the Liquid Tissue sample preparation kit lacks specific protocols for membrane protein extraction. The Liquid Tissue method has also been used for proteomics studies of a variety of FFPE tissue samples, including pancreatic tumors,28 squamous cell carcinoma,4 and oral human papillomavirus lesions.27... 

Kahl, P., Gullotti, L., Heukamp, L.C., Wolf, S., Friedrichs, N., Vorreuther, R., Solleder, G., Bastian, P.J., Ellinger, J., Metzger, E., Schule, R. and Buettner, R. (2006) Androgen receptor coactivators lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 and four and a half LIM domain protein 2 predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Cancer Research, 66, 11341-11347. 

Xu J, Lowey J, Wiklund F etal. The interaction of four genes in the inflammation pathway significantly predicts prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14-2563-256S. 

Abiraterone is the newest of the steroid synthesis inhibitors to enter clinical trials. It blocks 17a-hydroxylase (P450cl7) and 17,20-lyase (Figure 39-1), and predictably reduces synthesis of cortisol and gonadal steroids in the adrenal and gonadal steroids in the gonads. A compensatory increase occurs in ACTH and aldosterone synthesis, but this can be prevented by concomitant administration of dexamethasone. Abiraterone is an orally active steroid prodrug and has been studied in the treatment of refractory prostate cancer. 

Henriksson P, Johansson SE. Prediction of cardiovascular complications in patients with prostatic cancer treated with estrogen. Am J Epidemiol 1987 125(6) 970-8. 

Tricoli, J., Schoenfeldt, M., and Conley, B. 2004. Detection of prostate cancer and predicting progression Current and future diagnostic markers. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 3943-3953. 

Most steroid-sensitive cancers express specific cell surface receptors. Prednisone-sensitive lymphomas, estrogen-sensitive breast cancers, and prostatic cancers express specific receptors for corticosteroids, estrogens, and androgens, respectively. It is now possible to assay tumor specimens for steroid receptor content and to identify which individual patients are likely to benefit from hormonal therapy. Measurement of the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) proteins in breast cancer tissue is now standard clinical practice. ER or PR positivity predicts response to hormonal therapy, whereas patients whose tumors are ER-negative generally fail to respond to such treatment. 

W. J. Computational Models for Predicting the Binding Affinities of Ligands for the Wild-type Androgen Receptor and a Mutated Variant Associated with Human Prostate Cancer. Chem. Res. Toxicd. 

Effect on the Predictive Value of Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer in Men with Benign Prostatic Elyperplasia... 

MS-based mass profiling combined with multivariate analysis identified platelet factor 4, a chemokine with prothrombolytic and antiangiogenic activities, as a diagnostically predictive protein in depleted serum of prostate cancer patients [99]. SELDI-TOF-MS was applied to the discovery of serum markers of bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Unique isoforms of serum amyloid A were identified in these patients. Machine-learning algorithms were used to identify these patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 89% [100],... 

Figure 3.1 Combined effects of a combination of 7 anticancer drugs with different sites of action. Shown are the predicted (solid line concentration addition, broken line independent action), and the observed (circles) cytotoxic effects on DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Doxorubicin, daunorubicin, vincristin, cis-platin, etoposide, melphalan and 5-fluorouracil were combined at equitoxic concentrations. The mixture effect predictions were derived from the concentration-response curves of the individual anticancer drugs...

Direct immunohistochemical analysis of prostatic tissue has become very popular since the development of AR antibodies. However, a disadvantage of this technique in quantitative analysis is that the intensity of the immunohistochemical stain is dependent on the intactness of the structure of the AR. Therefore, mutations or alterations in the structure may reduce staining intensity (T5). Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies of AR content in relation to grade or stage of disease, as well as prediction of response to endocrine therapy, has been inconsistent. Nearly all primary prostate cancer specimens positively express AR protein, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis as well as by immunohistochemical analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary prostate tissues (D12, H14). In advanced-stage prostate cancer, immunohistochemical techniques has shown that metastases in bone, the... 

P18. Prins, G. S., Sklarew, R. J., and Perschuck, L. P., Image analysis of androgen receptor immunostaining in prostate cancer accurately predicts response to hormonal therapy. J. Urol. 159, 641-649 (1998). 

Z6. Zhuang, S. H., Schwartz, G. G., Cameron, D., and Blumenstein, K. L., Vitamin D receptor content and transcriptional activity do not fully predict antiproliferative effects of vitamin D in human prostate cancer cell lines. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 126, 83-90 (1997). 

Ai N, DeLisle RK, Yu S, Welsh WJ. Computational models for predicting binding affinities of ligands for the wild-type androgen receptor and a mutated variant associated with prostate cancer. Chem Res Toxicol 2003 16 1652-60. 

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