Lack of specificity

A significant source of concern for potential users of recycled petroleum products has been the lack of specifications or certifications related to the quaUty of the material and the consistency in producing oil of high quaUty. This perception of possible inferiority has been exacerbated by the reluctance of some equipment manufacturers to state whether they would honor warranties if recycled lubricants were used. 

Sohd catalysts are widely employed because they are usually cheap, are easily separated from the reaction medium, and are adaptable to either flow or nonflow reactors. Their drawbacks are lack of specificity and possibly high temperatures and pressures. 

If there is a lack of specific, appropriate data for a process facility, there can be considerable uncertainty in a frequency estimate like the one above. When study objectives require absolute risk estimates, it is customary for engineers to want to express their lack of confidence in an estimate by reporting a range estimate (e.g., 90% confidence limits of 8 X 10 per year to 1 X 10 per year) rather than a single-point estimate (e.g., 2 X 10per year). For this reason alone it may be necessary for you to require that an uncertainty analysis be performed. 

AccuracyAJncertainty The lack of specific data on component failure characteristics, chemical and physical properties, and phenomena severely limit accuracy and can produce large uncertainties. 

The tubes are calibrated specifically for the same brand of pump and may give erroneous results if used with a pump of another brand. A limitation of many detector tubes is the lack of specificity. Many indicators are not highly selective and... 

The lack of specificity and the potential reasons for a lack of specificity were discnssed in the previons section. The SSHAP shonld he specific enongh to discnss site-specific health and safety hazards. A rationale for the nse of PPE shonld he provided, especially when npgrading levels of protection. 

The deficiencies revealed during the audit indicated that some of the medical surveillance programs were not site specific. The SSHAP should he written to ensure that workers are tested for not only general physical health, hut also for those substances that they might he exposed to during work activities. Besides the lack of specificity, it appears that execution of... 

Iain lack of specificity for the cardiovascular system has diminished the usefulness of these agents. 

Notice that the lack of specificity of the periodic law as then conceived does not entail that Mendeleev failed to operate in a precise way locally. For example, he himself gave a clear account of his approach to working out some of the main relationships between the properties of the elements in his textbook The Principles of Chemistry. The method consists of simultaneous interpolation within groups or columns as well as within periods or rows of the periodic table. The average of the values of the numerical properties of the four elements flanking the element in question are taken to determine the latter s properties. So Mendeleev wrote ... 

The transient radicals produced in reactions of hydroxy radicals with vinyl monomers in aqueous solution have been detected directly by EPR43 439 or UV spectroscopy,440-441 These studies indicate that hydroxy radicals react with monomers and other species at or near the diffusion-controlled limit ( Table 3.7). However, high reactivity does not mean a complete lack of specificity. Hydroxy radicals are electrophilic and trends in the relative reactivity of the hydroxy radicals toward monomers can be explained on this basis/97... 

Lack of specificity of one analytical procedure could be compensated by other supporting analytical procedure (s). 

A few results have been reported on the oxidation of cyclohexanol by acidic permanganate In the absence of added fluoride ions the reaction is first-order in both alcohol and oxidant , the apparent first-order rate coefficient (for excess alcohol) at 25 °C following an acidity dependence k = 3.5-1-16.0 [H30 ]sec fcg/A , depends on acidity (3.2 in dilute acid, 2.4 in 1 M acid) and D2o/ H20 is f-74. Addition of fluoride permitted observation of the reaction for longer periods (before precipitation) and under these conditions methanol is attacked at about the same rates as di-isopropyl ether, although dioxan is oxidised over twenty times more slowly. The lack of specificity and the isotope effect indicates that a hydride-ion abstraction mechanism operates under these conditions. (The reactivity of di-isopropyl ether towards two-equivalent oxidants is illustrated by its reaction with Hg(II).) Similar results were obtained with buffered permanganate. 

The major technical problem was the inability to define subsurface geohydrologic conditions with the initial data. Expertise in the area of geohydrology was clearly needed. A lack of specific analytical techniques precluded meaningful environmental and risk assessments. Cleanup efforts were complicated because poltiners are not regulated under RCRA but are regulated under state law. In the middle of the cleanup effort, the site became involved in Superfund activities, and to date this involvement has not been clarified. Project management has become very difficult because of the many players and laws involved. As a result, public confidence has been affected. 

In general, one would expect that every enzyme will be released close to the roots either by roots or by microbes and eventually will be immobilized in rhizo.sphere soil. If a given enzyme activity has not yet been measured in rhizosphere soil, this is likely more due to the lack of specifically devoted studies or suitable methods than to a real absence. For example, a recent study has first developed an assay for myrosinase in soil and, second, has hypothesized the... 

Fondaparinux has been used for the treatment of DVT and PE in two large Phase III trials and is approved by the FDA for these indications. Fondaparinux is as safe and effective as IV UFH for the treatment of PE and SC LMWH for DVT treatment.36,40 The recommended dose for fondaparinux in the treatment of VTE is based on the patient s weight (Table 7-3). Fondaparinux is renally eliminated and accumulation can occur in patients with renal dysfunction. Due to the lack of specific dosing guidelines, fondaparinux is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl less than 30 mL/minute). Baseline renal function should be measured and monitored closely during the course... 

Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). The normal level is less than 35 units/mL (35 kU/L). This test is associated with a lack of specificity. CA-125 can be elevated in a number of other states, such as different phases of the menstrual cycle, endometriosis, and non-gynecologic cancers. It is important to rule out other cancers associated with the abdominal cavity. 

AOPP and AOA inhibit transaminase enzymes (39, 44) and other pyridoxylphosphate-dependent enzymes, presumably by interference with the carbonyl group of pyridoxyl phosphate (45). They apparently inhibit PAL by interaction with the carbonyl-like group involved in catalysis by PAL (36). AOA is not an effective PAL inhibitor for in vivo studies because of its lack of specificity that results in a relatively high degree of phytotoxicity (e.g. 

Absorption of both cations and anions can be inhibitied by various allelochemicals. Most studies have been conducted with °Rb+ (a tracer for K+) or P0 but Cl and NO3 absorption (34) and even phenolic glycoside absorption (27) was shown to be inhibited by several flavonoids. The lack of specificity of these... 

The lack of specificity of this biomarker and the complexity of analytical procedures for CS2 determination represent major limitations to the practical use of this metabolite to monitor occupational exposure. Moreover, only few data are available to confirm the validity of CS2 as a biomarker of DTC exposure. 

Penetration enhancers are low molecular weight compounds that can increase the absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic drugs such as peptides and proteins from the nasal, buccal, oral, rectal, and vaginal routes of administration [186], Chelators, bile salts, surfactants, and fatty acids are some examples of penetration enhancers that have been widely tested [186], The precise mechanisms by which these enhancers increase drug penetration are largely unknown. Bile salts, for instance, have been shown to increase the transport of lipophilic cholesterol [187] as well as the pore size of the epithelium [188], indicating enhancement in both transcellular and paracellular transport. Bile salts are known to break down mucus [189], form micelles [190], extract membrane proteins [191], and chelate ions [192], While breakdown of mucus, formation of micelles, and lipid extraction may have contributed predominantly to the bile salt-induced enhancement of transcellular transport, chelation of ions possibly accounts for their effect on the paracellular pathway. In addition to their lack of specificity in enhancing mem-... 

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