Prostaglandin E2 production

Furthermore, we found that the two types of tumor promoters induced common biological effects, such as irritation of mouse ear, and stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production and of arachidonic acid metabolism in rat macrophages. These common effects seem to be the most essential biological activities in tumor promotion (6). 

Ireson, C. et al.. Characterization of metabolites of the chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo, and evaluation of their ability to inhibit phorbol ester-induced prostaglandin E2 production. Cancer Res., 61, 1058, 2001. 

Callery, M., Mangino, M., and Flye, M., Kupffer cell prostaglandin-E2 production is amplified during hepatic regeneration, Hepatology, 14, 368, 1991. 

Takano-Ishikawa Y, Goto M, Yamaki K. 2006. Structure-activity relations of inhibitory effects of various flavonoids on lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 production in rat peritoneal macrophages Comparison between subclasses of flavonoids. Phytomedicine 13 310-317. 

Attur MG, Patel RN, Patel PD, Abramson SB, Amin AR. Tetracycline up-regulates COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production independent of its effect on mtric oxide. J Immunol 1999 162(6) 3160-7. 

Chang CT, Hung CC, Yang CW,Vandewalle A, Wu MS. Cyclosporine decreases prostaglandin E2 production in mouse medullary thick ascending limb cultured cells. TranspI Int 2005 18 871-878. 

Dayer, J.M., Beutler, B. and Cerami, A. (1985). Cachectin/ tumor necrosis Eiaor stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 162, 2163-2168. 

Figure 19-5 Prostaglandin E2 production induced by the vaccines hepatitis B virus (FIBV 1 200), influenza virus vaccine (Fluzone 1 400), and Tetanus toxoid vaccine (DTaP 1 200). PTE is the peripheral tissue equivalent module containing CD33+ positively selected cells (left). HUVEC (center) is the empty PTE and also produces PGE2 when stimulated. CD33+ monocytes alone do not produce PGE2 when stimulated with vaccines (right).

Trebble, T.M., Wootton, S.A., Miles, E.A., Mullee, M., Arden, N.K., Ballinger, A.B., Stroud, M.A., Burdge, G.C., and Calder, P.C. 2003b. Prostaglandin E2 production and T cell function after fish-oil supplementation Response to antioxidant cosupplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78, 376-382. 

Peterson LD, Jeffery NM, Thies F, Sanderson P. Newsholme EA. Calder PC. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids alter rat spleen leukocyte fatty acid composition and prostaglandins E2 production but have different effects on lymphocyte functions and cell-mediated immunity. Lipids 1998 33 171-180. 

In one study (Davis, 1986), subcutaneous injections of A. barbadensis inhibited mustard-induced rat paw edema compared to control (p < 0.01). The effectiveness increased with the use of RNA and vitamin C (p < 0.001). Another study (Vazquez et al., 1996) showed that intraperitoneally administered aloe vera extracts decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and peritoneal neutrophil infiltration in response to carrageenan. It was also shown that aloe vera decreased prostaglandin E2 production. Mice receiving subcutaneous injections with colorized aloe vera gel containing anthraquinones at doses of 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg for 7 d had no reduction in their wound diameter (Davis et al., 1987). However, those receiving the same doses of decolorized (i.e., without anthraquinones) aloe vera had a decrease in wound diameter. Rats injected with colorized aloe vera for 12 d also had a decrease in wound diameter. These same authors also noted that polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration and inflammation are decreased by both colorized and decolorized aloe vera. 

A9. Akama, H., Ichikawa, Y., Matsushita, Y., Shinozawa, T., and Homma, M. Mononuclear cells enhance prostaglandin E2 production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes via tumor necrosis factor alpha. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 168, 857-862 (1990). 

Bachwich, P. R., Chensue, S. W., Larrick, J. W., and Kunkel, S. L. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates interleukin-1 and prostaglandin E2 production in resting macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 136, 94-101 (1986). 

C6. Campbell, 1. K., Piccoli, D. S., and Hamilton, J. A. Stimulation of human chondrocyte prostaglandin E2 production by recombinant human interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1051, 310-318 (1990). 

The root of the Bupleurum species has been used in China as a traditional remedy for inflammatory diseases [20]. The main constituents of this drug are oligoglycosides of oleanane triterpenes called saikosaponin a-f. Saikosaponins cause a reduction in histamine secretion and enhance the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids [22]. Some of them have been shown to inhibit prostaglandin E2 production in the macrophage culture system [23]. It has recently been reported that the saikosaponins present in Heteromorpha trifoliata, which are structurally related to those of Bupleurum falcatum (saiko in Japanese), have anti-inflammatory activity. One in vivo study concluded that the isolated saikosaponins act by a mechanism close to that of steroids, but do not involve the glucocorticoid receptor [24]. 

Shen, S.C. et al.. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory activities of rutin, wogonin, and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production, Eur. J. Pharmacol,... 

A methanol extract of tribulus fruit was shown to inhibit prostaglandin E2 production (Hong et al. 2002). 

Xu, Y. (2001) Dietary Manipulation of Fatty Acid Composition and Prostaglandin E2 Production in the Intestinal Mucosa... 

Wu, M.C., and Huang, C.J. (2001) Inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 Production of a Macrophage Cell Line by Some Phytochemicals, Food Sci. Agric. Chem. 3, 59-71. 

Huang, C.J., and Wu, M.C. (2002) Differential Effects of Foods Traditionally Regarded as Heating and Cooling on Prostaglandin E2 Production by a Macrophage Cell Line, J. Biomed. Sci. 9,596-606. 

Watkins, B.A., Shen, C.L., McMurty, J.P., Xu, FI., Bain, S.D., AUen, K.G.D., and Seifert, M.F. (1997) Dietary Lipids Modulate Bone Prostaglandin E2 Production, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentration, and Eoimation Rate in Chicks, J. Nutr. 127,1084-1091. 

Long chain polymer consisting of linear (1 ->4)-i>mannopyranosyl units, randomly acetylated (0.8 Ac per monomer) MW >10000 Dalton. Constit. of leaf juice of Aloe barbadensis and Aloe arborescens (Liliaceae). Biol, active component of carrisyn extract (73-90%). Potent inducer of Interleukin 1 and Prostaglandin E2 production by human peripheral blood adherent cells in vitro. Influences activity and production of T-lymphocytes, fibroblasts, B-lympho-cytes and endothelial cells. Adjuvant and immunoenhancer. Increases antibody production, stimulates phagocytosis. Shows specific antineoplastic activity against sarcoid tumours in horse. Used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Fluffy amorph. powder. 

Reich, K. M. and J. A. Frangos. 1993. Protein kinase C mediates flow-induced prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int 52 l) 62-6. 

Vitamin E appears to act as an immunosuppressant due to its ability to suppress both humoral and cellular immune responses. Tocopherol supplementation significantly enhances lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response and decreases prostaglandin E2 production by inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. There appears to be compelling evidence that intervention with dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may help maintain the well-preserved... 

---