Phagocytosis, stimulation

Oxygen radical inhibition. Seed oil, administered to rats at a concentration of 8% of diet, was active on macrophages. Gapsai-cin or curcumin enhanced the effecG. Phagocytosis stimulation. Ethanol (95%) extract and unsaponifiable fraction of the dried leaf, administered intraperitoneally to male mice at a dose of 0.5 mL/animal, were inactive . 

Phagocytosis stimulating effect (polymorph leucocytes, macrophages)... 

Wagner et al. 33) have shown that two distinct polysaccharide fractions from Echinacea purpurea exhibited pronounced activities characterized by a high rate of phagocytosis stimulation. One polysaccharide was shown to be a heteroxylan of molecular weight 35000 and an arabinorhamnogalactan of molecular weight 450000. The main characteristics of these polysaccharides from Echinacea were the optimal solubility in water, the high content of uronic acids, and the very complex structure. 

Biochemists say that the two amino acids are connected by a peptide bond, but, of course, the peptide bond is just an amide bond. A slightly more complex example, the phagocytosis-stimulating tetrapeptide known as tuftsin, derived from four amino acids, can be employed to illustrate some of the conventions that are used in writing the structures of polypeptides and proteins ... 

Cleaves to produce C3a and C3b. C3a stimulates histamine release by mast cells, thereby producing vasodilation. C3b is able to bind to bacterial cell walls and act as an opsonin, which marks the invader as a target for phagocytosis. Stimulates histamine release by mast cells, thereby producing vasodilation. It is also able to act as a chemoattractant to direct cells via chemotaxis to the site of inflammation. 

Coenzyme Q - A recent review on biomedical aspects of coenzyme Q (55) has appeared. Earlier work had established that ubiquinones and bacterial phospholipid extracts of various sources enhance phagocytosis, stimulate non-specific host-resistancel l 142 and exert... 

Synthetic chemicals such as poly(inosinic) poly(cytidilic) acid [poly(IC)] and poly(IC) plus poly(lysine) [poly(ICL)], which are interferon inducers lev-amisole also is reported to increase phagocytosis, stimulate lymphoblast transformation, and increase delayed hypersensitivity reactions when their functions are depressed. 

Maruyama, N. Y. Maruyama T. Tsuruki E. Okuda M. Yoshikawa S. Utsumi. Creation of soybean P-conglycinin p with strong phagocytosis-stimulating activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003,1648, 99-104. 

Tuftsin, H-Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-OH, a natural phagocytosis-stimulating 4-peptide which... 

Phagocytosis stimulating effect (polymorph Ieui >cyte8, macrophages) Stenulation of the phagocytosis in mice Protective effect on Infection in Mice (phagoqftosis)... 

Wagner H, Proksch A, Vollmar A, Kreutzkamp B, Bauer J (1985) In vitro phagocytosis stimulation by isolated plant materials in a chemoluminescence phagocytosis model. Planta Med 2 139... 

White blood cell preferentially located near potential entry sites for microbial pathogens and specialized for the uptake of particulate material by phagocytosis. Most macrophages originate from peripheral blood monocytes and are able to leave the circulation following stimulation by chemotactic agents. 

Echinacea, a frequently used herb, is taken to stimulate the immune astern function by increasing the number and activity of immune cells and to stimulate phagocytosis (ingestion and destruction of bacteria and other harmful substanceIt appears to shorten the duration of colds and influenza. 

Peterson PK, Sharp BM, Gekker G, Jackson B, Balfour HH Jr (1991) Opiates, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and HIV. Adv Exp Med Biol 288 171-178 Peterson PK, Gekker G, Schut R, Hu S, Balfour HH Jr, Chao CC (1993) Enhancement of HlV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine the cytokine connection. Adv Exp Med Biol 335 181-188 Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1995) Morphine stimulates phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human microglial cells involvement of a G protein-coupled opiate receptor. Adv Neuroimmunol 5 299-309 Peterson PK, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1998) The opioid-cytokine connection. J Neuroimmunol 83 63-69... 

Endotoxin activates complement, which then augments the inflammatory response through stimulation of leukocyte chemotaxis, phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme release, increased platelet adhesion and aggregation, and production of toxic superoxide radicals. 

Figure 4.8. Hypothesis for the local generation of mast-cell-stimulating peptides by the action of neutrophil-derived enzymes on albumin. Initial stimulation of the mast cell by any of a variety of agents causes the release of preformed histamine (H) neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic factors (NCF, ECF) and enzymes and the de novo synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT). These agents increase vascular permeability and vessel diameter. As a result, albumin and later neutrophils (PMN) enter the tissue space where the latter undergo phagocytosis and the secretion of proteolytic enzymes to the extracellular space where they act on albumin to generate NRP (neurotensin-related peptide) and HRP (histamine-releasing peptide). These newly formed peptides then act as a second stimulus to the mast cell. In addition NRP and HRP may affect other immunocompetent celt such as monocytes, macrophages or eosinophils.

The precise function of many acute-phase proteins is not known. C-reactive protein binds lipids, whilst a-macroglobulin and ceruloplasmin can scavenge some reactive oxygen metabolites. However, many acute-phase proteins are glycoproteins and can bind to bacterial surfaces hence, they may serve as non-specific opsonins for phagocytosis, and their synthesis is stimulated by IL-1 and IL-6. 

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