Lipid dietary

Digestion of dietary lipids Dietary lipids DIGESTION OF DIETARY LIPIDS (p. 171) Dietary lipids consist primarily of triacylglycerol, with some cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, and free (nonesterified) fatty acids. 

Knowledge regarding the major constituents of food (e.g., carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, and nutritional and antinutritional components) is necessary so as to guage the extent of any structural change that occurs during processing and storage of foods, which may affect the quality and safety of the food product. 

CHATzn ons s, panagiottoou m and divanach p (2012) Effect of protein and lipid dietary levels on the growth of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquaculture International 20 91—98. 

Vegetable Dry matter N-Com-pounds (N x6.25) Available carbo- hydrates Lipids Dietary fiber Ash... 

Together with triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and other dietary lipids, dietary retinol is incorporated as retinyl ester into chylomicron particles that are secreted by the en-... 

Stabilized whole rice bran is rich in protein, lipids, dietary fiber, vitamins, essential minerals, and important nutraceuticals such as phospholipids, choline, inositol, phytosterols, tocols, and tocotrienols. Tocols and tocotrienols are potent antioxidants that reduce the risk of cancers and CVD. The whole rice bran is stabUized in order to denature lipases that cause oxidative rancidity and to protect the intrinsic nutraceutical compounds. The stabilization of the rice bran is usually done by applying heat in an extrnder. The preservation of the oryzanol is of utmost importance because this compound is very effective in promoting cardiovascular health (Hoffpauer 2005). 

Thus, it is apparent that soya, some soya products and linseed oil influence blood lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. While the extent of the reduction appears to largely depend on an individual s initial serum cholesterol level, the maximum reductions observed are of the order of 10-15%. For hyperlipidemic individuals this may not be a marked reduction, but such an effect on the general population may well have a beneficial effect on the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The possibility that non-phytoestrogenic dietary components may contribute to the hypocholes-terolemic properties cannot, however, be discounted. Indeed, certain types of dietary fibre have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect via their ability to increase faecal excretion rates. 

Leukotriene B5 can be biosynthesized in the body from eicosapentaenoic acid, which is ingested in the form of dietary fish lipid. Synthetic LTB5 was synthesized as outlined below and found to have only 20% of the neutrophil chemotactic activity of LTB4, a fact which may be relevant to the antiinflammatory effect of dietary marine lipid. 

Fatty Acid Compositions of Some Dietary Lipids ... 

Vanhanen, H. X, Blomqvist, S., Ehnholm, C., et al., 1993. Sernm cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects widi different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. Journal of Lipid Research 34 1535-1544. 

Cholesterol-rich lipoprotein particles that carry dietary lipids absorbed in the intestine and deliver them to the liver for uptake. 

In addition to the described lipid pathways mainly operative in macrophages, two further ABC-transporteis, ABCG5 and ABCG8 have been implicated in the efflux of dietary sterols from intestinal cells back into the gut lumen and from liver to the bile duct (Fig 1). Both ABC-transporters form a functional heterodimer with highest expression levels in liver and intestine and are regulated... 

The expected outcomes for die patient may include a dierapeutic response to dierapy (lowered blood lipid levels), management of common adverse drug reactions, and an understanding of die dietary measures necessary to reduce lipid and lipoprotein levels. 

A DIFF relates a specified body component isotopic composition to the various compositions of a specified and complete set of dietary components. The complete diet must be accounted for in the DIFF, but it can be partitioned in any way that seems sensible for example, into individual amino acids or into protein, carbohydrate and lipid, etc. 

The data sets presented by Ambrose and Norr (1993) and Tiezsen and Fagre (1993) record analyses of rodents fed on diets in whose dietary components have been analyzed. Thus D and F are given for the diets, (generally for the protein, carbohydrate and lipid components sometimes in more detail), and have been varied so as to relate to the corresponding change in B. Measurements were made on animals thought to have reached an overall steady state. 

Stott, A.W., Davies, E., Evershed, R.E. and Tuross, N. 1997 Monitoring the routing of dietary and biosynthesized lipids through compound-specific stable isotope (delta C) measurements at natural abundance. Naturwissenschcften 84(2) 82-86. 

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hypocholesterolemic effect of GA (Annison et al., 1995 Tiss et al., 2001). Some studies have suggested that the viscosity of fermentable dietary fiber contributes substantially to the reduction of lipids in animals and humans (Gallaher et al., 1993 Moundras et al., 1994). However, other studies suggested that this property is not related to plasma lipids (Evans et al., 1992). The mechanism involved is clearly linked to increased bile acid excretion and fecal neutral sterol or a modification of digestion and absorption of lipids (Moundras et al., 1994). 

Amino acid synthesis in heterotrophs primarily relies on dietary protein rather than on lipids or carbohydrates (Schwarcz, 2000), and thus the isotopic composition of the resulting new collagen is related more to dietary protein rather than to bulk diet. Trophic... 

Carnivores rely on a protein-rich diet and produce new biomass primarily from dietary amino acids, although the enzymes required for de novo amino acid synthesis are present (Garmes et al., 1998). Bone collagen, muscle (meat) and apatite were analyzed for a set of modern southern African herbivores and carnivores (Lee-Thorp et al., 1989). The isotopic analyses showed i C enrichment in bone collagen, apatite and muscle, and depletion in lipids. Difference in values between herbivores and carnivores indicates a trophic effect, which for carbon in bone collagen is 2.5-3%o (Fig. 2). 

Benzie IFF Lipid peroxidation a review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences. Int J Food Sci Nutr... 

The nature of the diet sets the basic pattern of metabohsm. There is a need to process the products of digestion of dietary carbohydrate, lipid, and protein. These are mainly glucose, fatty acids and glycerol, and amino acids, respectively. In ruminants (and to a lesser extent in other herbivores), dietary cellulose is fermented by symbiotic microorganisms to short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric), and metabohsm in these animals is adapted to use these fatty acids as major substrates. All the products of digestion are metabohzed to a common product, acetyl-CoA, which is then oxidized by the citric acid cycle (Figure 15-1). 

The source of long-chain fatty acids is either dietary lipid or de novo synthesis from acetyi-CoA derived from carbohydrate. Fatty acids may be oxidized to acetyl-CoA (P-oxidation) or esterifred with glycerol, forming triacylglycerol (fat) as the body s main fuel reserve. 

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